2.  The natural sciences seek to discover laws of nature— regularities in the natural world.  Implies that there is an attempt to produce a system of knowledge that is independent of human agency  Based on observation of the world as a means of testing hypotheses  Experiments designed to reduce the effects of human desires, expectations and preferences, in other words they are considered objective

3. Problem/Question Observation/Research Formulate a Hypothesis Experiment Collect and Analyze Results Conclusion Communicate the Results

4.  Hypothesis: informed conjecture of a general pattern or casual relationship based upon evidence, interpretation, and imagination ready for testing  Theory: Explanation based on evidence of relationships found in the world, which accounts for phenomena already observed  Model: conceptual representation of entities, systems, or processes that we believe to exist in the world  Law: expression of a universal state or relationship established on the basis of evidence and tested so extensively that it is treated as true.  Prediction: statement of what will happen if certain conditions are met, based on a law, model, or theory.

5. What is the difference between pseudoscience and natural science?

6.  Testable  Clearly stated  Precise predictions  Doesn’t make exceptions when meets a counterexample  Using shared methodology – inductivism  Inductivism which is the application of inductive reason to observations

7. PhaseProblem ObservationSelectivity Expectations Expert Seeing Observer effect HypothesisConfirmation Bias Background Assumptions Under- determination Laws/TheoriesProblem of Induction

8.  How is scientific knowledge used by societies?  How does funding affect the pursuit of knowledge?  How SHOULD scientific knowledge be used by societies?  How SHOULD funding affect the pursuit of knowledge?

9.  95% of animals used in experiments are not protected by the federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA), which excludes birds, rats and mice bred for research, and cold-blooded animals such as reptiles and most fish. [1, 2, 3]123  A 2011 poll of nearly 1,000 biomedical scientists conducted by the science journal Nature found that more than 90% "agreed that the use of animals in research is essential." [35]35  Chimpanzees share 99% of their DNA with humans, and mice are 98% genetically similar to humans. The United States and Gabon are the only two countries that allow experimentation on chimpanzees. [4]4  In 1997, researchers Joseph and Charles Vacanti grew a human "ear" seeded from implanted cow cartilage cells on the back of a living mouse to explore the possibility of fabricating body parts for plastic and reconstructive surgery. [108]108

10.  http://healthresearchfunding.org/ pros-cons-animal-testing/ http://healthresearchfunding.org/ pros-cons-animal-testing/  http://www.understandinganimalr esearch.org.uk/how/myths-and- facts/ http://www.understandinganimalr esearch.org.uk/how/myths-and- facts/  http://www.pro- test.org.uk/2006/03/facts-about- animal-research.html http://www.pro- test.org.uk/2006/03/facts-about- animal-research.html  http://animal-testing.procon.org/ http://animal-testing.procon.org/