1. Chapter 25 Part III The Responsive National State, 1871  1914 And Marxism and the Socialist Movement

2. The German Empire Bismarck conciliated liberals, waged Kulturkampf against Catholics bc pope Pius IX declared papal infallibility in 1870. A drop in world agricultural prices led Germany to high tariffs to protect German farmers.

3. The German Empire In 1883  1884 Bismarck passed social security laws to prevent the spread of socialism. These included old-age pensions and national health and accident insurance. In 1890 the new German Emperor, William II, fired Bismarck.

4. Republican France Rebellion in Paris against conservative cession of Alsace- Lorraine to Germans, March 1871 (Paris Commune). Defeated in bloody fighting.

5. Republican France Moderate republicans Leon Gambetta, Jules Ferry established free compulsory education for girls and boys (1886), legalized unions. Teachers in new public school system spread republican ideas, undermined grip of Catholic Church schools on rural thinking.

6. Republican France In 1898  99 Dreyfus affair increased tension between republicans and Catholics (Alfred Dreyfus was a Jewish army captain falsely accused of treason). Dreyfus was declared innocent and France broke from the Catholic Church.

7. Great Britain and Ireland Extension of franchise in 1832, 1867, 1884 (universal manhood suffrage). Between 1906  1914 Liberal party defeated aristocratic conservatives in House of Lords, raised taxes on rich to fund national health insurance, unemployment benefits, pensions, and so on (The People’s Budget). Irish nationalists (Catholics) demanded political autonomy and Irish Protestants in north resisted.

8. The Austro-Hungarian Empire Due to ethnic divisions the Austro- Hungarian Empire was unable to harness nationalism as other major European states did after 1870.

10. Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism Removal of most of Jews’ legal disabilities between 1791 (France) and 1871 (Germany). Jews became prominent in journalism, medicine, law, finance, railroad building.

11. Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism Stock market crash of 1873 catalyzed vicious anti-Semitism. Conservative and extremist nationalist politicians used anti- Semitism to mobilize support; for example, in Vienna (Karl Lueger). In Russia from 1881 government officials used anti-Semitism to channel popular resentment. They encouraged pogroms.

12. The Socialist International The Socialist International nominally integrated socialist parties throughout Europe. May Day (May 1 st ) international 1 day strike of marches and demonstrations

13. Unions and Revisionism Several factors combined to blunt the radical thrust of socialism. Nationalist and patriotic appeals were at least as attractive to workers as socialism

14. Unions and Revisionism Workers’ standard of living rose substantially in the second half of the 1800s. The growth of labor unions and their legalization reflected increased focus of worker and socialist activists on “bread- and-butter” wage issues rather than the violent seizure of political power.

15. Unions and Revisionism “Revisionist” Marxists such as German Edward Bernstein argued for “evolutionary socialism” that will not involve violent seizure of political power. Socialism varied from country to country.