2. Advanced Physiology (part 1, Neuronal system) By: A. Riasi (PhD in Animal Nutrition & Physiology) فیزیولوژی تکمیلی

3. All cells in animal body have membrane potential. Introduction

4. Neurons and muscles are excitable.

5. Adapted from: Akers M. & Denbow M., Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animal.

6. Adapted from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiology The voltage clamp uses a negative feedback mechanism. The membrane potential amplifier measures membrane voltage and sends output to the feedback amplifier. The feedback amplifier subtracts the membrane voltage from the command voltage, which it receives from the signal generator. This signal is amplified and returned into the cell via the recording electrode

7. Adapted from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiology The cell-attached patch clamp uses a micropipette attached to the cell membrane to allow recording from a single ion channelpatch clamp

8. Adapted from: Akers M. & Denbow M., Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animal.

9. The water-soluble ion have to penetrate the plasma membrane using the specific channels. Leak channels (non-gated channels) Gated channels Voltage-gated channels Chemically gated channels (ligand channels) Mechanically channels

10. Two basic forms of electrical signals Graded potential Action potential

11. Graded potential

13. Adapted from: Sherwood et al., Animal Physiology

14. Postsynaptic potentials Receptor potentials End-plate potentials Pacemaker potentials Slow-wave potential The graded potentials are critically important to neurnal functions: Graded potential

15. Adapted from: Akers M. & Denbow M., Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animal.

16. Action potential Adapted from: Sherwood et al., Animal Physiology

17. Action potential