1. 2013 USU Graduate Student Research Symposium Utah State University, Logan, UT Charge Transport and Electrical Degradation Research for Power Grid Applications Allen Andersen and JR Dennison Physics Department Utah State University, Logan, Utah

2. Power Grid Overview Power grid problems and solutions. USU Material Physics Group Applying spacecraft charging science to the power grid. Instrumentation Determining material properties. Analysis and Modeling Using material properties to predict performance. Impacts on Future Power Grid Development Why we care. MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion Outline

3. MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion Motivation

4. MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion Problems with Existing Grid 1. >10 % Power loss in transmission due to radiation and heating. 2. The Nation uses several separate out of phase regional power grids. 3. Existing grids are ageing and already being pushed past their limits.

5. MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion Possible Solutions Operate at Higher Voltages Currently HV wires operate at ~500kV. Advantages Much higher efficiency for MV transmission. Disadvantages Higher stress on insulating components resulting in leaks or failures. Coronal discharge for AC lines.

6. MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion Possible Solutions Use DC Transmission Advantages Reduces radiation and thermal resistance. More cost effective than AC over distances >350 miles. Allows for high voltage transmission without coronal discharge at 1-3 MV. Could connect the Nation’s out of phase power grids. Disadvantages Requires expensive DC/AC converter stations. DC components in general are more expensive than AC. Higher stress on materials. Tradition – War of the Currents. DC AC

7. MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion USU MPG Spacecraft Charging Charging of power grid components. Environment Simulations Physics Models

8. MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion Procedure MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion

9. LDPE Low Density Polyethylene – highly electrically insulating material. Inexpensive and comes in many forms. Common spacecraft insulator Common power line insulator Common everyday material.

10. MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion ESD SYSTEM Simple parallel plate capacitor Applies up to 30 kV ~150 K<T<300K with ℓ-N 2 reservoir

11. MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion CVC SYSTEM Same geometry as ESD system Applied electric field well below critical breakdown field Measures <200 aT at <8kV

12. MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion Analysis MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion

13. ESD Data Breakdown voltage Ohmic slope I = V/R Pre- Breakdown Arcing

14. MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion What ESD data tells us Frequency of pre-breakdown current spikes corresponds to the rate of induced material defects. The breakdown voltage corresponds to a critical electric field. E esd =V esd /d 20 µm 10 mm

15. MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion What CVC data tells us Polarization – initial response of material to applied field. Charge Transport – motion of charge across sample & charge rearrangement. Defect Density – equilibrium ‘dark current’ proportional to density of defects in material. Polarization Dark Current

16. MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion Conductivity Model Tunneling frequency Well depth Electric Field Contribution Tests lasting only days can predict decades of behavior!

17. MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion Conclusion MotivationProcedureAnalysisConclusion

18. Conclusions HVDC transmission improves efficiency. Transmission loss effectively halved. 500kV/1000kV ≈ ½ High Voltage – High Stress Electrons move through and pile up in permanent and recoverable defect sites until the material breaks down. Physics helps predict long term behavior. Measurements over reasonable time scales help us predict behavior over decades which allows testing and perfecting designer materials. Impact on power grid The energy saved if transmission losses were halved nationwide ~30 large coal burning power plants. Such reductions in loss are quite possible!