1. P REPARING FOR W AR Chapter 11, Section 1 American Anthem

2. T HE F ALL OF F ORT S UMTER April 12, 1861 Confederate soldiers fired on Fort Sumter, Charleston, South Carolina Start of the Civil War Crisis began a month before the first shots were fired March 5 – commander, Robert Anderson, sent a message to Lincoln saying Confederate soldiers told him to surrender the fort or be attacked Supplies were running low and Anderson needed help

3. C RISIS AT F ORT S UMTER Confederate forces had taken over many forces in the Confederate south Fort Sumter was one of the only forts left under Union control If Lincoln turned the fort over: Southerners would think that the north didn’t want war Northerners would be upset because the Confederacy would think they were a legitimate, separate nation

4. C RISIS AT F ORT S UMTER Lincoln did not surrender Fort Sumter He told the Confederacy that he would only send food and nonmilitary supplies to the fort Jefferson Davis faced a difficult decision If he allowed this to happen, the Union could stay at the fort indefinitely and continue to be a symbol of federal authority in the south If he attacked, a war would begin Davis ordered immediate evacuation April 12 – Confederate artillery opened fire on the fort The fort surrendered the next day

5. T HE R USH TO W AR Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to serve for 90 days to put down the rebellion Northerners rushed to join the military Reaction in the south was different Eight slave states that remained in the Union were forced to choose a side All of the slave states that were in the Union refused to provide troops to fight against the south Confederate states were very angry April 17 – Virginia seceded May – Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the Confederacy

6. T HE B ORDER S TATES Border states were Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri They were slaveholding states that remained loyal to the Union and bordered the Confederacy Delaware had few slaves and slaveholders, so many people thought it would stay in the Union The other three states were very sympathetic to the Confederate cause

7. M ARTIAL L AW IN M ARYLAND Maryland was very important to the Union If they lost it, Washington DC would be completely surrounded by the Confederacy Maryland started to rebel against the Union Lincoln placed parts of the state under martial law Military commanders are in control and citizens rights and freedoms are suspended

8. D IVISIONS IN M ISSOURI Missouri was important because it could control the lower Mississippi River Many government officials and slaveholders supported secession, but most people did not Secessionists never gained enough control over the state to withdraw from the Union

9. D IVIDED L OYALTIES IN K ENTUCKY Control of Kentucky meant control of the Ohio River If Kentucky were in the Confederacy, a large part of the Union would be open to invasion Most of the state’s government officials opposed secession Many citizens favored secession Kentucky sided with the Union after Confederate invasion in September 1861 **Mary Todd Lincoln had four brothers in Confederate armies

10. G OALS AND S TRATEGIES Lincoln had to be very careful when stating his goals Most northerners were not abolitionists so Lincoln could not make the war about slavery He also feared that by making the war about slavery would push the border states to secede He asked northerners to fight for patriotic reasons, to preserve the union The south’s goals were simple: to be left alone with slavery unchanged The Confederates prepared to defend the south against northern invasion

11. T HE N ORTH ’ S S TRATEGY Unless southerners returned their states to the Union voluntarily, northern armies needed to invade the Confederacy to crush the rebellion More northerners were available to serve in the armed forces North was able to produce war supplies because of factories General Winfield Scott tried to seal the south off from the rest of the world since the north had all the ammunition and guns

12. T HE N ORTH ’ S S TRATEGY 1. Union navy would block the South's ports Prevent Confederacy from importing manufactured goods Prevent the South from exporting cotton 2. Fleet of Union gunboats would move down the Mississippi to cut the Confederacy in two With Confederacy divided and weakened, Scott thought southerners who did not support secession would rise up against Confederate army

13. F LAWS IN THE N ORTH ’ S P LAN His plan was based on the idea that most southerners did not support secession It would take a long time to start a blockade and take the Mississippi River Most northerners wanted a very short war – Scott’s strategy did not allow for this Strategy was called the Anaconda Plan Snake slowly squeezes victims to death

14. T HE S OUTH ’ S S TRATEGY South had fewer resources, but made up for this because they believed in the cause they were fighting for Southerners believed they were fighting for their freedom and homeland (like Rev. War) Fighting to defend their nation (even though ¾ of them did not own slaves) Believed that they were stronger fighters than northerners

15. C OTTON D IPLOMACY One strength of the south was their enormous export of cotton to textile mills in Great Britain The south thought that Britain would come to their aid if the supply of cotton was cut off South wanted foreign aid from Britain and the recognition of the Confederacy as a separate nation Cotton diplomacy – the use of cotton as a tool of Confederate foreign policy

16. C OTTON D IPLOMACY Britain and France failed to recognize the Confederacy as an independent nation Confederates cut off supply of cotton to those countries Cotton diplomacy failed Britain was upset that the Confederacy used cotton as a type of blackmail Britain had already stockpiled southern cotton They turned to Egypt and India when their supply ran out

17. N ORTH VS. S OUTH

18. R ESOURCES : N ORTH AND S OUTH

19. Lincoln’s Generals Irwin McDowell Winfield Scott George McClellan, Again! McClellan George McClellan Ambrose Burnside Joseph Hooker George Meade Ulysses S. Grant

20. The Confederate Generals Jeb Stuart James Longstreet George Pickett “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest Robert E. Lee