2.  The Union-those states that remained in the United States of America  The Confederacy-those states that seceded, capital in Richmond, Virginia  Fort Sumter-a federal fort in South Carolina  April 12, 1861-Confederate guns open fire on Fort Sumter and shell in for 34 hours until the federal troops surrender  First conflict of the Civil War-no deaths

3.  Lincoln asks for 75,000 men to enlist for 90 days  Upper Southern states that had not seceded refused to send troops  Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas seceded in the weeks following Fort Sumter  Robert E. Lee-a joins the Confederacy when Virginia secedes.  Robert E. Lee-a Virginian serving in the federal army resigns his post and joins the Confederacy when Virginia secedes.

4.  Border states-slave states that share borders with free states  Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri  Importance:  MarylandWashington, D.C. would be cut off  Maryland-if the Union lost Maryland, Washington, D.C. would be cut off  Kentucky-numerous rivers could serve as invasion routes or defensive barriers  All four stayed in the Union, West Virginia broke from Virginia and joined the Union.

5. NorthSouth Manpower-22 million peopleCapable generals-Robert E. Lee Resources-85% of the nation’s factories Defensive War-Northern supply lines would have to stretch long distances Abraham Lincoln-a remarkable leader Motivation-soldiers fighting for their homes and land

6.  Initially took a defensive position, tried to win foreign support with their cotton  European nations did not want to get involved  Soon began offensive strikes to weaken Northern morale

7.  Anaconda Plan-an offensive strategy designed to smother the South’s economy  Blockade-prevent the transportation of goods or people into or out of the South  Gain control of the Mississippi River  Would take time  Lincoln ordered an invasion of Virginia in the summer of 1861.

8.  July 21, 1861-Union forces clash with Confederate forces north of Manassas, Virginia  Many spectators had come out to picnic and watch the action  The Confederates routed the Union troops  Shocked the North, showed that they had underestimated the Confederacy  General Thomas J. Jackson receives the nickname “Stonewall”