1. The River Yumans

2. Main Points and Terms The River and Native Cultures Language and geography Going north: Cocopah, Quechan, etc Land loss, reservations, boarding schools and wage labor Water rights Modern governments Economic development

3. The Colorado River Basin

8. Origins and Pre-Contact Spirit Mountain & Matavilya From the River and land Patayan Peoples (Mogollon, Hohokam, Anasazi, etc) Yuman language River floodplain agriculture, rancheria, seasonal migrations Extensive trade networks and widely dispersed territorial occupancy Dispersed to become Havasupai, Hualapai, Mohave, Yavapai, Quechan, Cocopa and Maricopai

9. Spirit Mountain

10. Language and Culture Yuman subfamily of the Hokan family River Yuman Mohave Quechan, Maricopa Pai Hualapai, Havasupai, Yavapai, Pai Pai Delta California Cocopa Kiliwa Kiliwa, Baja California

12. Continued Patrilineal descent Inherited leadership Rancheria living Light, simple housing Corn, beans, squash, mesquite trees Hunting & fishing Egalitarian bands, non-hierarchical Sense of unity, national consciousness

13. Cocopah Earliest interaction with Spanish 1540 Hernando Alarcon 5-7,000 people, divided in half by the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Intrusion of the railroad and Anglo farms and dams diverted water from southern Colorado River. Salton Sea flooded and then dammed

15. Cocopah Reservation est. 1917 Crossed border until 1930s border patrol and repatriation programs 1964 Tribal Council & constitution 1985 land claims settlement 4,000 acres Total 6,500 Resort, RV camping, Casino

16. Mexican Cocopah, Cucupa’ Benito Peralta (1998) That border wasn’t our idea; we didn’t put it there. In the old days, people from the different tribes here would go by foot or on horseback to a place called Wakuatay—nowadays, I think they call it Campo, California—taking items like suede, antlers, and pine nuts to trade for flour, sugar, & other provisions. They would also go and visit their relatives, maybe work for awhile, or just visit for a few days when there was a funeral or peon games. Nobody needed a passport; the border guards knew the Indians and respected their right to cross.

17. Kumeyaay Southern California, Baja California Some Missionized and assimilated Others fled east into the interior away from the coast Unaffiliated and unrecognized Many in Mexico

18. Kumeyaay I.D. Cards from Instituto National Indigenista accepted by Border Patrol, 1999

19. San Diego County

20. Quechan (Yumas/Ft. Yuma) Controlled trade across the southern Colorado River Retaliated against Spanish in 1780s 1852 U.S. built Ft. Yuma Ferried people across the river until the railroad entered the region in 1877, disrupting work and settlement patterns 1884 created the Quechan reservation Anglo farmers convinced them to sign an agreement trading some land for promised irrigation Lost valuable farmland

21. 1880s

22. Quechan Rise of wage labor and loss of land Boarding schools By 1910 nearly all reservation land was leased to non-Indians 1965 land claims settlement 7 member tribal council 1978 25,000 acres returned 1983 $15 million settlement Irrigation project, casino, tourism, museum\

23. Quechan West side of res touches Baja CA 45,000 acres 1996 Casino 700 acre farm 2,500 members Revival of dreaming and traditional ceremonies

24. Colorado River Indian Reservation Mojave lands, but includes Navajo, Hopi, Chemehuevi Both sides of the river in CA and AZ Created in 1865 for Mojaves, quickly joined by Chemehuevis from Utah Hualapais relocated there in 1874, escaped in 1875 75,000 acres

25. CRIT Indian Reorganization Act in 1937 Poston Internment Camp 1945-53 relocated Hopis and Navajos there due to stock reduction 130,000 acres of farm land High rate of profitable economic leases Several governmental bureaus, court system, police, fire department and health system

28. Colorado River Indian Reservation City of Parker Land dispute decided in favor of tribe 1995 Tribal casino and resort 225,000 acres in AZ 42,000 in CA 1,200 acre wilderness park Daniel Eddy, Chairman

29. Chemehuevi Res. Southern Band of Paiutes moved into region by 1850, became farmers, and adopted Mojave culture 1907 est. 30,000 acre reservation Lake Havasu created by Parker Dam in 1939, flooded tribal lands Many moved to CRIT or took migrant labor employment New constitution in 1970, people moved back but lacked economic development Program of leasing water allotments to California

30. Mojaves (Ft. Mohave) Very little contact with non-Indians until 1820s trappers and traders Created in 1870 by the War Department, and 1911 by Executive Order Located at the southern tip of Nevada, crossing into CA and AZ

31. Ft. Mojave Reservation 42,000 acres HQ in Needles, CA Heavy tourist dependency: casino, RV, boating, golf course and some farming Telecommunications corporation services regional communities

32. Water, water, every where, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water, every where, Nor any drop to drink. Line from Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Rime of the Ancient Mariner, 1799