1. Transfer of Energy Chapter Two

2. Review Questions  Questions for Review  All  Questions for Thought  1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15

3. Key Terms  Energy  Potential Energy  Kinetic Energy  Temperature  Heat  Absolute Zero  Kelvin Scale  Fahrenheit Scale  Celsius Scale  Heat Capacity  Specific Heat  Latent Heat  Conduction  Convection  Thermals  Radiant Energy

4. Key Terms  Electromagnetic Waves  Wavelength  Micrometer  Photon  Stefan-Boltzmann Law  Wien’s Law  Blackbody  Kirchhoff’s Law  Greenhouse effect  Greenhouse gasses  Scattering  Albedo  Reflected Light  Aurora Borealis  Aurora Australis

5. Energy  DEF –  __________  PE = mgh  Represents the _______________ to do work  A volume of aloft has more potential energy than the same size volume of air just above the surface.

6. Energy  Kinetic Energy  KE = 1/2mv^2  ______________________________  Important  _________________________________  First law of thermodynamics

7. Energy  Temperature  Measure of the average speed (motion) of the atoms and molecules.  Thus, _________________________________________________________

8. Energy  Since the molecules of warm air are moving at a faster pace, they are ______________________  This means that the air is less dense.  Thus, we can state this:  Warm, ______________________  Cold, _______________________

9. Energy  Heat  DEF –  Once heat is transferred it is stored as ____________________________  Our atmosphere and oceans contain internal energy (______________________)

10. Temperature Scale  Remember that molecules move slower when they are cooled. There is a point when molecules will theoretically completely stop, that point is called ______________________.  This temperature is at ___________________ Celsius.  This was introduced by Lord Kelvin (1824-1907) and is called the Kelvin Scale.  Has no ________________________.

11. Temperature Scale  Commonly used scales are:  Fahrenheit  Created by _________________  Early 1700s  Celsius  ______________________  Conversion  C = 5/9(F-32)  K = C + 273

13. Specific Heat  ______________________is the ratio of an amount of heat absorbed by that substance to its corresponding temperature rise.  The heat capacity of a substance per unit mass is ______________________.  Temperature needed to raise one gram of a substance one degree Celsius.

14. Latent Heat  Heat energy required to change a substance, such as water, from one state to another.  Latent heat considered __________________________________________.  The energy will reappear as sensible heat that we can measure with a _____________.

16. Conduction  DEF –  Heat always transferred from ______________________.  Ex. Heat is transferred from your hands when holding a cup of ice water to warm the water.  Greater the_______________________ difference, the faster the transfer.

17. Convection  DEF –  Heated air becomes ___________________than the surrounding air. This allows the air to buoyed upward and rises.  The air moves up in bubbles called Thermals.  Once the air __________, it expands, starts to cool, and sink.  This circulation creates the atmosphere.

20. Radiant Energy (Radiation)  DEF –  Energy travels from the sound through waves with ______________________ properties, thus we call them electromagnetic waves.  Traveling at the speed of light (300,000km per second)  Wavelength (crest to crest) are measured in micrometers (10^-6m)

22. Radiation  ** All things that have a temperature above absolute zero, no matter how big or small, emit radiation.  Two different equations are used to measure the radiation:  ______________________  (Radiation and Energy Transfer Lab)Radiation and Energy Transfer Lab

23. Radiation  On a sunny day, the earth’s surface warms by absorbing more energy from the sun and the atmosphere than it radiates.  Rate depends on surface characteristics.  ____________________

24. Blackbodies  DEF –  This is stated as a __________________equilibrium  The sun and the earth are at nearly 100 percent efficiency, thus are blackbodies  The atmosphere however is not.

25. Absorptions  Water vapor, Carbon Dioxide, etc. absorb the ________________________from the earth  This was thought of as a green house, where the glass keeps in the heat, thus we refer to this as the ______________________.  Others refer to this as the ______________________.

27. Atmospheric Window  Region of wavelength that little absorption takes place.  Allows radiation to pass through into space.  The ________________ gases absorb at different wavelengths increasing the temperature.  Clouds also enhance the effect.  Low, thick ones are excellent emitters  Thus calm, cloudy nights are ___________ than calm, clear nights.

28. Warming  Remember the concept of _____________ Cells.  The process of warmer air rising and cooler (denser) air falling.  This air is heated through ______________________ (heat transfers to colder substance).  Thus, the ___________ atmosphere is mainly heated from the ground upward.

30. Shortwave Radiation  When light encounters another object, it is deflected.  This _______________ causes the light to go into all directions called scattering.  Blue light has a ___________wavelength, thus is easier to scatter.

31. Albedo  Sunlight can be reflected from objects.  This ________________ reflection is albedo, which is the percent of radiation returning from a given surface compared to the ______________________ initially striking that surface.  Water has an average albedo of ______________________, highest when the sun is low on the horizon and the water is choppy.

33. Albedo  The earth and the atmosphere has a combined albedo of ___________________________.  If this balance was not kept, the average ______________________ would change.

36. Solar Particles  Solar particles known as plasma or solar wind interact with the magnetic field of the earth.  Much like a ______________________  An aurora is produced when the _________________________disturbs the magnetic field called the magnetosphere.  Electrons are __________________ and release light (photons)  Aurora Borealis (Northern) and Aurora Australis (Southern)

42. Review Questions  Questions for Review  All  Questions for Thought  1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15