2. Did you notice anything about the participants in Kohlberg’s study?

3. One criticism: Kohlberg only questioned males when researching. Sexist? Does this change what you think of his theory?

4. College professor & author of In A Different Voice. Gilligan’s premise: Psychology has persistently & systematically misunderstood women’s… … motives, … moral commitments, … course of psychological growth, & … views on what’s important in life.

6. She points to the fact that GENERALLY SPEAKING: -- Men define their identity in terms of personal achievement & distinctive activities. -- Women define their identity in the context of a relationship.

7. GENERALLY SPEAKING continued… -- Women usually experience intimacy, care, & concern at an earlier age than men. -- Kohlberg’s stages don’t account for this.

8. In her critique, Gilligan: links masculinity w/ SEPARATION links femininity w/ ATTACHMENT may have to work harder at relationships may have to work harder at individualization Gilligan says humans need both SEPARATION and ATTACHMENT. The key is finding a healthy balance!

9. Ethics of Care Theory Care-Based Morality vs. Justice Based Morality

10. Care- Based Morality Emphasizes interconnectedness and universality. Acting justly means avoiding violence and helping those in need. Care-based morality is thought to be more common in girls because of their connections to their mothers. Because girls remain connected to their mothers, they are less inclined to worry about issues of fairness.

11. Justice-Based Morality Views the world as being composed of autonomous individuals who interact with another. Acting justly means avoiding inequality. Is thought to be more common in boys because of their need to differentiate between themselves and their mothers. Because they are separated from their mothers, boys become more concerned with the concept of inequality

12. What would his friends say about him?