1. Tuesday 1/5 Current Event due this Thursday 1/7 Chris Herren Presentation this Wednesday Night 7pm in the High School Auditorium Do Now: Is alcohol considered a drug? Is it in its own separate category? If it is a drug, what type of drug is it? What do you think alcohol is similar to, comparing it to other drugs? What type of effects does it have on us?

2.  Consumption of alcoholic beverages is interwoven with many traditions  Moderate use to enhance celebrations or special times  Research shows very low levels of drinking may actually lower health risks  May use alcohol to help ease pain of rejection or loss

3.  65% of Americans consume alcoholic beverages regularly  10% of the drinking population are heavy drinkers  90% are infrequent, light, or moderate drinkers  Alcohol is the most widely used and abused recreational drug in our society

4.  Heavy episodic “binge” drinking- typically defined as five or more drinks in a row for men, and four or more in a row for women  College students say they drink to have fun  Which often means drinking simply to get drunk, may really be a way of coping with stress, boredom, anxiety, or pressures created by academic and social demands

5.  Many students (college) misperceive that their peers drink more than they actually drink  This misperception is true not only for students drinking, but actual consequences students experience as a result of their drinking  Ex. 42% College students reported not having a hangover in the past 6 months  Same students thought that only 3% of their peers didn’t have a hangover in the past month

6.  The intoxicating substance found in beer, wine, liquor and liqueurs is ethyl alcohol, or ethanol  Alcohol is produced during fermentation  Yeast organisms break down plant sugars, making ethanol and carbon dioxide  Creates beers, ales, and wines 15% or less alcohol

7.  Distillation- Mash (solution of plant sugars) is subjected to high temperatures to release alcohol vapors and then condensed and mixed with water to make the final product  Takes fermented product, raises it to a high temp to separate the alcohol from the non-alcoholic liquid. Taking a 15% alcoholic beverage to around 45%  EX. Ferment grape juice>Wine 10-15% ABV> Distill wine> Brandy 40% ABV

8.  Proof- measures the percentage of alcohol in the beverage  “Proof” comes from “gunpowder proof”, reference to gunpowder test  Potential buyers would test the distiller’s product by pouring it on gunpowder and attempting to light it  If the alcohol content was at least 50%, the gunpowder would burn; otherwise the water in the product would put out the flame

9.  Chris Herren Presentation this Wednesday Night 7pm in the High School Auditorium  Current Event due next class Friday 1/8  Journal: How did the 2015 year go for you? If you could, would you change anything that happened? What are your goals for 2016?

10.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DD45A8J0 F_s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DD45A8J0 F_s  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYu8l__- gEQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYu8l__- gEQ

11.  Thus, alcohol percentage is 50% of the given proof  EX. 80 proof whiskey= 40% alcohol by volume  The proof of the beverage indicates its strength  Lower proofs will have fewer alcoholic effects than the same amount of higher-proof drinks  Wine 12-15% alcohol  Ales 6-8% alcohol  Beers 2-6% alcohol

13.  Unlike most ingestible foods and drugs, alcohol molecules are sufficiently small and fat soluble to be absorbed throughout the entire digestive system  A very small amount is absorbed through the lining of the mouth

14.  Approximately 20% diffuses through the stomach lining into the bloodstream  80% passes through the linings of the upper third of the small intestine  Absorption into the bloodstream is rapid and complete

15.  Factors into how quickly your body will absorb alcohol:  Alcohol concentration in your drink  Amount of alcohol consumed  Amount of food in your stomach  Pylorospasm- spasm of the pyloric valve (bottom of the stomach) in digestive system

16.  Metabolism  Weight  Body Mass Index  Mood  The higher the alcoholic concentration, the more rapidly it will be absorbed in your digestive tract  Carbonated alcoholic beverages will relax the pyloric valve, causing faster absorption

17.  If the stomach is full, absorption slows because the surface area exposed to alcohol is smaller  The more alcohol you consume, the longer the absorption takes  Emotions affect how long it takes for the contents of the stomach to dump its contents into the small intestines

18.  Alcohol is absorbed much more rapidly when people are tense than when they are relaxed  Alcohol is metabolized in the liver  Converted by enzymes and then oxidized, and eventually excreted from the body  Creates acetaldehyde, a toxic chemical, which can cause immediate symptoms like vomitting and nausea, and long term effects such as liver damage

19.  Alcohol and your brain  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXjANz9r5 F0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXjANz9r5 F0

20.  BAC- ratio of alcohol to total blood volume  Primary method to measure the amount of alcohol one has consumed and to gauge the physiological and behavioral effects of alcohol

21.  BAC Levels:  0.02%- person feels slightly relaxed, good mood  0.05%- relaxation increases, there is some motor impairment, and a willingness to talk becomes apparent  0.08% (legal limit)- person feels euphoric and there is further motor impairment  0.10%- depressant effects of alcohol become apparent, drowsiness sets in, motor skills are further impaired, followed by a loss of judgment  EX. Driver may not be able to judge speed or distance

24.  A drinkers BAC depends on:  weight  body fat  water content in body tissues  concentration of alcohol in beverage consumed  rate of consumption  volume of alcohol consumed  Illicit or prescription drugs being consumed

25.  Heavier people have larger body surfaces to diffuse the alcohol  Alcohol diffuses much faster in water than in fat  Tests such as breath analysis (breathalyzer), urinalysis and blood tests are given, which blood tests are the most accurate to measure the BAC of an individual

26.  Learned behavioral tolerance- ability of heavy drinkers to modify behavior so that they appear to be sober even when they have high BAC levels

27.  Occurs much more often than people realize and can be fatal  Drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time can cause the blood alcohol level to reach the lethal range quickly (0.40%)  Death from alcohol poisoning can be caused by either central nervous system and respiratory depression or inhalation of vomit or fluid into the lungs

28.  Amount of alcohol for a person to become unconscious is dangerously close to lethal dose  Signs of alcohol poisoning:  Weak, rapid pulse  Unusual, slow, or irregular breathing pattern  Mental confusion  Vomiting  Seizures  Cool (possibly damp), pale, or bluish skin

29.  What should you do if you suspect alcohol poisoning????  Call 911 immediately!!!!!!!!!!!  Don’t wait for unconsciousness>risk of death increases tenfold!

30.  Most dramatic effects produced by ethanol occur within the Central Nervous System (CNS)  Alcohol depresses CNS functions, decreases in respiratory rate, pulse rate, and blood pressure  As CNS depression deepens, vital functions become noticeably depressed  Extreme cases, coma and death!

31.  Alcohol is a diuretic, causing increased urinary output  Dehydration- loss of fluids from body tissues  Cerbrospinal fluid- fluid within and surrounding the brain and spinal cord tissues  Water is pulled from this area> causing the “morning after headache”

32.  Can cause indigestion and heartburn on empty stomach  Can also put you at risk for irregular heartbeat or loss of heart rhythm  Hangover- Physiological reaction to excessive drinking  Symptoms include headaches, upset stomach, anxiety, depression, diarrhea, and thirst

33.  Effects on the Nervous System  Nervous system is very sensitive to alcohol  Shrinkage in brain size and loss of intellectual ability  Alcohol appears to damage the frontal areas of the adolescent brain, which are crucial for controlling impulses and thinking through consequences of intended actions

34.  47% of people who begin drinking before the age of 14 become alcohol dependent at some point  9% for those who wait until at least the age of 21  Cardiovascular Effects  Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption for adults (1-2 drinks a day) decreases risk of coronary artery disease  Raises HDL “good” cholesterol  Helps decrease clotting factors

35.  3-5 drinks a day result in higher blood pressure (bad)  Liver Disease  Cirrhosis- the last stage of liver disease associated with chronic heavy use of alcohol which liver cells die and damage becomes permanent  Alcoholic hepatitis- condition resulting from prolonged use of alcohol in which the liver is inflamed; can cause death

36.  Cancer of the esophagus, stomach, mouth, tongue, pancreas, and liver  Chronic inflammation of the pancreas  Pancreas produces digestive enzymes and insulin  Blocks calcium absorption (osteoporosis)  Lowers efficiency of immune system  Fetal alcohol syndrome- birth defects to child from alcohol consumption during pregnancy