1. The genomic democracy of sex

2. Genetic variability Mutation Gene flow Sex

3. Mitosis Vs. Meiosis

4. Autosomal Vs. sex chromosomes Does sex chromosome goes through recombination?

5. Sex chromosomes, crucial for life?

6. Turner Syndrome Klinefelter Syndrome Y ?

7. What is the main research question? How Y chromosome evolved through evolution ?

8. Methods:

9. Bonus: Why couldn’t the authors use massive parallel sequencing alone rather than a combination of methods, to answer their question?

10. 2) How different are the chimpanzees and humans MSY?

12. 3) What is the molecular mechanisms that enabled the remodeling of ampliconic regions?

16. Sasaki et al. 2010

17. 4) Gene families gained or lost in human or chimpanzee? An overall Chimpanzee gene loss

18. 4) Gene families gained or lost in human or chimpanzee? Present in cat, rhesus macaque and bull ?

19. Conclusions: Human and chimpanzee MSY greatly diverged during the past 6 million years both in architecture and genetic repertoire Possible factors effecting the divergence: (1) MSY genes role in sperm production (2) Ectopic recombination (3) No crossing over with a homologue