1. What are mutations? What are Genetic disorders? Trivia tidbit: A tobacco plant has the ability to glow! How so? Can humans glow? What are transgenic organisms?

3. Human Genetics-biotechnology

4. Vocabulary Recombinant DNA  DNA that has been genetically modified by connecting DNA fragments from multiple sources Host  organism you are obtaining the gene from Vector  organism such as a bacteria, you are going to use to put the recombinant DNA into the organism you are trying to change Plasmid  DNA or “chromosome” of a bacteria Restriction Enzyme  bacterial proteins that have the ability to cut both strands of DNA at specific points called restriction sites

5. Biotechnology Biotechnology  the use of technology to manipulate or change life in some manner – The only way to do this is through changing genes somehow Can occur in many different ways. – Gene manipulation and DNA recombination – Gene Therapy – Cloning – Stem Cells – Selective breeding and hybridization

6. Process of manipulating genes 1.Choose an organism to change, and one to obtain the gene from (host) 2.Choose a bacterial vector that will transform the gene  incorporate gene into its own DNA 3.Gene Splicing  Cleave (cut) the pieces of DNA of interest from the host organism  restriction enzyme- “cleaves” 4.Isolate the gene located in the pieces of DNA in the host 5.Insert the gene into bacterial vector DNA (recombinant DNA) 6.Expose the vector to the organism you are trying to change 7.Organism must “take up” recombinant DNA

7. Crystal Jellyfish

8. Genetic Engineering Scientists alter genes of an organism – Usually done by Inserting DNA from one organism into another – DNA that has been genetically modified is called recombinant DNA – Organisms with recombinant DNA are called genetically modified organisms (GMO) or transgenic organisms

9. Using Restriction enzymes to make recombinant DNA Restriction enzymes are chemical catalysts that “cut” DNA molecules at specific locations in order to obtain certain genes – Can be used for genetic manipulation or DNA cloning Each Restriction enzyme is specific to a specific restriction site They are cut into a specific pattern allowing there to be sticky ends – These sticky ends can form hydrogen bonds with other sticky ends creating a whole piece of DNA with the potenetial for them being from different sources

10. Cloning a Eukaryotic gene in a bacterial plasmid Works the same was as making recombinant DNA with one exception: You obtain a piece of DNA from a bacteria, this is called the cloning vector – Use a restriction enzyme to produce sticky ends You obtain genes from a human cell You then expose the human pieces of DNA into the bacterial cell Use the enzyme DNA ligase to “glue” the pieces back together Then you place the bacterial DNA back into the bacteria

11. Transgenic organisms http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujZHrR1m ro8&feature=player_detailpage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujZHrR1m ro8&feature=player_detailpage

12. Applications for gene manipulation Transgenic bacteria in agriculture Transgenic bacteria in Industry Transgenic bacteria in Medicine Genetically engineered food Transgenic plants and animals

13. Transgenic bacteria in agriculture Once species of bacteria have been used successfully on agricultural crops already Specific bacteria naturally occurs on strawberry plants that promotes frost damage in strawberries because bacteria has ice crystals that form around specific protein – Scientists have been able to isolate the gene for this protein, and prevent frost damage – This saves farmers money, provides jobs to scientists who research and develop this type of transgenic bacteria, and provides higher quality and quantity of strawberries

15. Papaya engineering Papayas in Hawaii were threatened by papaya ringspot virus. Scientists in Hawaii isolated the gene in the virus that makes it immune to itself, then implanted that gene into new papaya seeds, and allowed the seeds to reproduce creating new papaya trees that are resistant to the papaya ringspot virus 1999, the first successful papaya tree produced, now, ¾ of all Hawaiian papayas are genetically modified

16. Cool fruits: – pluot – Lemato – Tangelo – Diabetes fighting lettuce – Colorful carrots We have the technology to engineer almost any food

17. Transgenic bacteria in Industry Scientists have been able to engineer bacteria to be able to break down harmful pollutants into harmless chemicals – Helps environment and provides jobs Ex: There is a specific bacteria that naturally breaks down oil based compounds. – Scientists genetically engineered bacteria to break down oil at a much faster pace, and with better results

18. Transgenic bacteria in medicine (“Pharming”) Pharmaceutical companies have developed the widespread use of specific molecules-made by transgenic bacteria that help to treat human diseases Ex: Human Growth Hormone-given to individuals suffering from dwarfism – Chemotherapy drug  Interferon to treat cancer – Insulin to treat diabetes – Artificial sweeteners are usually made from transgenic bacteria that produce phenylalanine – Many treatments for genetic diseases re now being produced by genetic engineering

19. Genetically modified foods http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=play er_detailpage&v=FTfuAbzAeB8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=play er_detailpage&v=FTfuAbzAeB8

20. Transgenic plants Glowing tobacco Plants and animals are much harder to engineer, because they do not contain plasmids  What are they again? Plants – Difficult to engineer, due to thick cell wall – Must use artificial vectors such as a gene gun or a micropipette  in other words, they must be done in a lab and not in nature – Main purpose  to be able to resist herbicides, produce their own pesticides, or to increase their crop production

21. Blue roses

23. Transgenic animals Animals usually will not accept a bacterial plasmid as a vector, so manual engineering with a gene gun or a pipette are used when possible Manipulated genes are inserted into unfertilized eggs Egg gets fertilized and transgenic traits or properties are expressed Uses  with livestock-placing human proteins into livestock so they produce milk with these proteins already in them – Ex: There is a protein that dissolves blood clots  transgenic goats have the protein in their milk, so if person drinks milk, they can dissolve blood clots Not very far in development – Still a very young field – Ethical issues

25. Green Florescence protein

26. Human Genome Project In 2000  scientists from 6 countries all worked together and figured out the “book of life” Wanted to “map out” all nucleotides or bases that give the template for a human Achieved a blueprint of the whole sequence of bases for humans Genomics  study of entire genomes – Study of all bases in an entire organism

27. Surprise findings Humans have few genes – Scientists thought 120,000 genes – Reality  25,000 genes Most DNA is non-coding  less than 2% actually codes for traits We share majority of our DNA with other species – 50% same as a fly, 75% same as dog, 30% same as banana, and 98% same as chimp We all share about 99.9% of our DNA with each other

28. Manipulating bodies and development In lab=Cloning  process used to create identical DNA fragments, cells, or whole organisms In nature=asexual reproduction

29. Cloning When you clone an old organism, the newly formed organism’s DNA will have the same age as the organism. – New organism has all the mutations that have occurred in old organism – Ex: Baby sheep would have old DNA but still be young and a baby – Effects: Increased aging rate Increased mutations Shorter life span More genetic issues Abnormal development Ethical issues

30. Four steps to cloning 1.fragmentation - breaking apart a strand of DNA 2.ligation - gluing together pieces of DNA in a desired sequence 3.transformation - inserting the newly formed pieces of DNA into cells 4.screening/selection - selecting out the cells that were successfully transferred with the new DNA

31. Stem cells 3 types: – Totipotent-can become any type of cell – Pluripotent-can be anything but a sex cell – Multipotent-can be just a few other types Ex: bone marrow cells Adult stem cells  cells are removed, and used to grow more cells of specific tissue types – Used to replace damaged tissue Embryonic stem cells-cells from embryos have potential to become all different types of cells

32. Uses for stem cells To help aid in some cancers such as ones that are tumor related Transplants Genetic engineering Organ failure Embryonic  almost anything

33. Steps for creating stem cells

34. Selective breeding The method of artificially seelecting and breeding only organisms with a desired trait to produce the next generation. In other words, you select mates based on the traits you want – Ex: crops, domesticated animals Once the breeder has successfully produced offspring with the desired set of characteristics, inbreeding will occur

35. Hybridization Another form of selective breeding to choose and breed organisms that show strong expression for two different traits in order to produce the offspring that express both traits. This often occurs between two different (but similar) species. The offspring are often healthier than the parents Ex: Mule, killer bees, Zonkey, Zorse, Liger, Jaglion In nature  polar bear-grizzly bear hybrid with DNA confirmation

36. DNA fingerprinting or gene mapping Method of comparing different strands of DNA with those of other species or with other people Method used for formal pregnancy test, crime investigations, and other forensics Gel electrophoresis

37. Gene Map