1. EVOLUTION http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/

2. Charles Darwin

3. Voyage of the Beagle

5. The Galapagos Islands Dates: Left England in 1831, Arrived @ Galapagos in 1835 13 Islands: each with a different climate and ecosystem Darwin Collected Fossils & live organisms from each island: – Tortoises: variations in shell – Finch Birds: variations in beak and color – Blue-Footed Boobies – Marine Iguanas

6. Animals

7. Darwin’s Conclusion Variation: Individual organisms in a species look different from one another Hypothesis: New species could appear gradually due to small changes in an original species – Cannot see the changes occur, so looked to BREEDING

8. Natural Selection vs. Artificial Selection Artificial selection- nature provides the variation among different organisms, and humans select those variations they find useful. – Ex. BREEDING

9. Evolution by Natural Selection “Nature Selects” The Struggle for Existence: – members of each species have to compete for food, shelter, other life necessities “Survival of the Fittest”: – Some individuals better suited for the environment due to physical traits – Allows them to REPRODUCE & pass on genetic traits

10. Struggle For Existence & Survival of The Fittest

11. Natural Selection Four Principles of Natural Selection – Individuals in a population show differences, or VARIATIONS – Variations are INHERTIED (genes) – Organisms have more offspring than available resources – Any variations that increase survival are passed on to future generations

12. Types of Natural Selection “Fur color” Directional Selection (Dark OR Light) Stabilizing Selection (Medium) Disruptive Selection (Dark AND Light

14. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Published a book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, in 1858 Used the term “evolution” on the LAST PAGE! Evolution, or change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. Evolution

15. Evidence of Evolution The Fossil Record Geographic Distribution of Living Things Comparative Anatomy Similarities in Embryology Biochemistry http://science.discovery.com/tv-shows/greatest- discoveries/videos/evolution.htm http://science.discovery.com/tv-shows/greatest- discoveries/videos/evolution.htm

16. Evidence for Evolution The Fossil Record- Layers in Earth’s crust show change The deeper the fossil, the older it is Compare old and new fossils

17. Evidence of Evolution Geographic Distribution of Living Things: Organisms that live in similar environments have similar characteristics, even if far apart

18. Evidence of Evolution Comparative Anatomy – Homologous Structures: anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor – Analogous Structures: structures that are anatomically different, but have the same purpose, came from different ancestor – Vestigial Organs: organs that do not serve a purpose, lost through evolution and mutation (ex. Appendix, tail

19. Evidence for Evolution Comparative Embryology: embryos of different organisms are similar, came from common ancestor

22. Adaptation Basis of Natural Selection Organisms CANNOT choose to have an adaptation…controlled by DNA Adaptation increases FITNESS: ability to survive and reproduce

23. Types of Adaptation Camouflage: ability to blend with environment Mimicry: ability to resemble another species http://www.thefeaturedcreature.co m/category/endangered-species

24. Mary River Turtle

25. Skull Caterpillar (Australia)

26. Glauert's seadragon

29. Human Ancestors 99% identical DNA between Humans and Apes Australopithecus africanus: small brain, big teeth, walked on all 4 limbs Australopithecus africanus Homo habilis: larger brain, 1 st to use tools, smaller molars Homo erectus: first to always stand completely upright, most “human” like qualities Homo neaderthalensis: unsimilar mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome material, scientists think they were separate species, no our ancestors! Homo sapien : US

30. “Finding Lucy” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPit_Mca 8dM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPit_Mca 8dM

31. “Ardi” Ardipithecus ramidus – 1992 – 50kg Female – Missing “step” between chimp and human; had both sets of characteristics – Bipedal on land, Quadruped in trees

32. EVOLUTION FUN FACTS… Homo sapiens is still evolving rapidly. Homo sapiens has only had a culture for less than 50,000 years. The human population crashed about 80,000 years ago. Humans have incredibly low genetic diversity. We Share 70% of our DNA with a Slug.

33. Causes of Evolution If alleles in a population remain the same, evolution will remain at EQUILIBRIUM; no change. Disruptions of Equilibrium: – Mutations (changes in DNA) – Natural selection (change in environment causes certain traits to be more favorable) – Random mating (mating outside of the population) – Genetic Drift – Gene Flow

34. Genetic Drift Change in allele frequency Founder Effect: small group of organism settle in an area separated from population – Ex. Amish People Bottleneck Effect: population declines in size, then rebounds – Ex. Northern Elephant Seals – Humans hunted them, population decreased, now less variation in current populatioin

36. Gene Flow Genes/traits in a population remain the same until new organisms enter or leave the population

37. Speciation Formation of a new species Allopatric – Creation of a new species due to a physical barrier – Ex. Grand Canyon; Kaibab vs Abert Squirrel Sympatric – Creation of a new species without a physical barrier – Ex. Several insects and plants, change in chromosome number

39. Patterns of Evolution Adaptive Radiation – Aka Divergent Evolution – Species diverged from a single ancestor – Usually due to different environments Coevolution – Species evolve in close relationship with other species Convergent Evolution – Unrelated species evolve to form similar adaptations, due to living in similar environments

40. Coevolution of Humans & Dogs!

41. Evolution video shorts http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/litt le-people-flores.html evolution of …HOBBITS?! http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/litt le-people-flores.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/de coding-neanderthals.html decoding neanderthals http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/de coding-neanderthals.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/w hat-makes-us-human-pro.html becoming human http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/w hat-makes-us-human-pro.html

42. Hmm…Ha Ha Ha! Are humans the only species that can laugh? Why do we laugh? Does the ability to laugh help organisms to survive? http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/evolu tion-laughter.html evolution of laughter! http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/evolu tion-laughter.html