1. CHAPTER 12, SECTION 1 The Protestant Reformation

2. Key Vocabulary Reformation: the movement for change in Western Christianity (the Catholic Church). Indulgences: paying money to the Church to have your sins forgiven with smaller penalties. Purgatory: where souls go before they get to heaven. Martin Luther: a priest and reformer whose ideas led to the split in the Catholic church. Protestants: Christians who believed Luther’s ideas and protested against the Catholic church.

3. The Catholic Church Faces Challengers Reformation – change; in this case the need for change in the Catholic Church. Reformers criticized the behavior of the clergy (priests, bishops, and popes), and church practices.

4. List of Complaints Reformers thought: 1. Priests and bishops weren’t religious anymore. 2. Priests didn’t know basic church beliefs. 3. Pope was too political and not religious enough. 4. The church was too rich. 5. The church sold indulgences and said that people in purgatory would get to heaven faster because of them.

5. The Call for Reform Because the church was becoming unpopular, it was getting weak. Desiderius Erasmus: Dutch priest who says the church’s problems are due to lazy clergy. He thought the changes should be made in the church. Other people thought they should split from the church.

6. Martin Luther Urges Reform Martin Luther made a list of complaints about the church and nailed it to a church door in Germany. His list is called the Ninety-five Theses, and it was copied and passed around using the new printing press.

7. The Ninety- Five Theses - Criticized the church and it’s practices, especially the sale of indulgences. - He didn’t think people needed to do charity work or give money to the church to receive salvation (get to heaven). - Believed that as long as people believed in God and lived by the Bible, they would go to heaven.

8. Reaction to Luther Pope Leo X called Luther a heretic and excommunicated him. The Holy Roman Emperor ordered Luther to appear in front of a “diet” (council of nobles and church officials) in the German city of Worms. The nobles supported Luther, but the emperor said Luther was an outlaw and kicked him out of the empire.

9. What he thought and did… The result… Anyone could have a direct relationship with God; didn’t need a priest to talk to God. Beliefs should be based on the Bible, not tradition. Translated the Bible into German so everyone in Germany could read it. German nobles agreed with Luther and allowed the people living on their land to become Lutheran. The Lutheran Church became the biggest church in northern Germany. Luther’s Teachings

10. William Tyndale John Calvin English professor who believed everyone should be able to read the Bible, translated it into English. The English clergy tried to arrest him so he left the country, but eventually he was caught and executed. Taught the idea of predestination – God knew who would be saved before they were born, and nothing you did could change that. Religious and political leader in Switzerland, passed laws to make people live according to his teachings. Banned “sinful” entertainment – playing cards, dancing. Other Reformers

11. Henry VIII Wanted to divorce his wife so he could remarry and have a son. The Pope refused to grant a divorce so Henry declared himself the head of his own church, the Church of England (Anglican Church). He didn’t change many rituals or beliefs, but this still opened the door to new “Protestant” religions.