1. THE GROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL PROSPERITY ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: How can industrialization affect a country’s economy? How are political and social structures influenced by economic changes?

2. The Second Industrial Revolution Guiding Question: What were the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in Western Europe? 1 st Industrial Revolution - textiles, railroads, iron, and coal. 2 nd Industrial Revolution, steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum led the way to new industrial frontiers.

3. Second Industrial Revolution InventionsEffects 1855: Bessemer process for making steel more efficiently and cheaply Stronger frameworks for larger buildings and stronger rails for railroad tracks 1860s: Electric generator by Zénobe-Théophile Gramme 1870s: Incandescent light bulb by Thomas Edison and telephone by Alexander Graham Bell Reliable flow of electricity; electrical energy convertible to mechanical energy to run machines Longer work hours; faster communication across regions

4. Second Industrial Revolution InventionsEffects 1903: Airplane by Wright brothers Increase in speed of travel and movement of goods 1909: Synthetic ammonia by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch 1913: Assembly line pioneered by Henry Ford Increase in crop yields from use of chemical fertilizers Increase in efficient mass production of goods; reduction in prices of goods and increase in sales

9. greatly increased sales of manufactured goods. Assembly line - pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913, a manufacturing method that allowed much more efficient mass production of goods Mass Production - production of goods in quantity usually by machinery Why did industrial production grow rapidly?

10. Ford Assembly Line

11. Second Industrial Revolution takes steps towards a world economy… 2 nd Second Industrial Revolution, combined with the growth of transportation by steamship and railroad, fostered a true world economy. By 1900, Europeans were receiving products from areas all around the world. European capital ($) was also invested abroad to develop railways, mines, electrical power plants, and banks. foreign countries also provided markets for Europe’s manufactured goods. With its capital, industries, and military might, Europe dominated the world economy by 1900.

12. Analyze the Map - How do you think the environment was affected in areas of industrial concentration?

13. Organizing the Working Classes Guiding Question: How was socialism a response to industrialization? The transition(change) to an industrialized society was very hard on workers. The desire to improve their working and living conditions led many industrial workers to form socialist political parties and socialist trade unions. Remember: Socialism = a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production The theory on which they were based had been developed by Karl Marx. One form of Marxist socialism was eventually called communism.

14. Karl Marx: Process to a Classless Society “Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.” —Marx and Engels, the Communist Manifesto

15. Karl Marx: Process to a Classless Society “In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.” —Marx and Engels, the Communist Manifesto

16. Socialist Parties socialist parties based on Marx's ideas German Social Democratic Party (SPD), which emerged in 1875. Under direction of Marxist leaders, the SPD advocated revolution while organizing itself into a mass political party that competed in elections for the German parliament. When in parliament, SPD delegates worked to pass laws that would improve conditions for the working class. In spite of government efforts to destroy it, in 1912 the SPD became the largest single party in Germany.

17. Marxist Parties Divided over Goals Pure Marxists thought that capitalism could be defeated only by a violent revolution. Remember: Capitalism = the economic system in which businesses are owned and controlled by individual people instead of by the government. Other Marxists, called revisionists, rejected the revolutionary approach. argued that workers must continue to organize in mass political parties and even work with other parties to gain reforms. democratic systems.

18. Trade Unions trade union = labor union. To improve their conditions, workers organized in a union. The right to strike was an important part of the trade union movement. In a strike, a union calls on its members to stop work in order to pressure employers to meet their demands for higher wages or improved factory safety.