1. CHAPTER 27: COMMUNICATING IN GROUPS

2. Focus on Goals ■Set an agenda to –Help participants stay on track; –Identify items to be accomplished; –Specify time limits for each item.

3. Plan on Assuming Dual Roles ■Task roles –Directly relate to accomplishment of objectives –Examples: recording secretary, moderator ■Maintenance roles –Help facilitate effective group interaction –Examples: gatekeeper, online moderator

4. Plan on Assuming Dual Roles (cont.) ■Anti-group roles –Focus on individual needs –Irrelevant to the task at hand –Examples: floor hogger, recognition seeker –Should be avoided

5. Center Disagreements around Issues ■Productive conflict –Centers disagreements around issues, not people –Group members ■Clarify questions and challenge ideas; ■Present counterexamples and reformulate proposals; ■Consider worst-case scenarios.

6. Center Disagreements around Issues (cont.) ■Person-based conflict –Members argue with one another –Does not focus on issues –Wastes time –Impairs motivation

7. Center Disagreements around Issues (cont.) ■Issues-based conflict –Members ■Ask tough questions; ■Press for clarification; ■Present alternative views.

8. Resist Groupthink  Members need to form a collective mind.  Engage in communication that is:  Critical  Careful  Consistent  Conscientious

9. Resist Groupthink (cont.)  Avoid  Accepting ideas without critical analysis;  Reaching consensus without genuinely agreeing;  Pressuring members who disagree to conform;  Discouraging disagreement and tough questions;  Focusing effort on justifying the decision.

10. What makes this groupthink? ■http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mG8BPB_oPlg Challenger Disasterhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mG8BPB_oPlg ■https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xV25ol-NedQ Challenger Disasterhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xV25ol-NedQ ■https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnjviLHtzLA Jonestownhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnjviLHtzLA ■http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kRW8vgoHOWg 12 Angry Menhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kRW8vgoHOWg

11. Adopt an Effective Leadership Style  Four broad styles of leadership:  Autocratic  Leader makes decisions alone  Consultative  Leader makes decisions after consulting group

12. Adopt an Effective Leadership Style (cont.) –Delegative ■Leader asks group to make decisions –Participative ■Leaders make decisions with the group ■Most effective leadership model

13. Set Goals ■Be a catalyst in setting goals. ■Work in collaboration with other group members. ■Ensure each member can identify –The group’s purpose(s); –The group’s goal(s).

14. Encourage Active Participation ■Directly ask members to contribute. ■Set a positive tone. ■Use devil’s advocacy and dialectical inquiry.

15. Use Reflective Thinking ■Identify the problem. ■Conduct research and analysis. ■Establish guidelines and criteria.

16. Use Reflective Thinking (cont.) ■Generate solutions. ■Select the best solution. ■Evaluate the solution.

17. Summary Questions ■What makes an effective group participant? ■What makes an effective group leader? ■How can a group go about reaching a solution to a problem or issue that it has been charged with solving? ■What are the four types of leaders? What type of leader is the most effective? ■What is groupthink?