1. Nervous System

2. Functions of the Nervous System 1.sensory input (monitor stimuli) 2.integration 3.motor output (respond to stimuli) 4.mental activity (consciousness, memory thinking) 5.control of muscles and glands

3. Divisions of Nervous System 1.central nervous system (CNS) brain and spinal cord command center of body integrates response based on past experiences and conditions

4. Divisions of the Nervous System 2.peripheral nervous system (PNS) nerves leading into/out of brain and spinal cord, including ganglia communication lines to the body –sensory (afferent) neurons – carry info from sensory receptors to CNS –motor (efferent) neurons – carry info to viscera and/or muscles and glands –association neurons – connect sensory and motor pathways

5. Divisions of Nervous System Motor division of PNS can be divided into two parts. 1.somatic nervous system –nerves leading from CNS to skeletal muscles 2.autonomic nervous system –nerves leading from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and viscera (glands / internal organs) –sympathetic division of autonomic concerned with increasing overall body activities during excitement, danger, or times of heightened awareness –parasympathetic division of autonomic slows down body functions and diverts energy to basic tasks, in times of low stimulus

6. The Brain regions –brainstem –cerebrum –diencephalon –cerebellum

7. The Brain white matter and gray matter gray: areas dominated by cell bodies –composes cortex white: areas dominated by axons –comes from the myelin sheath that cover the axons gray: information processing centers in the brain white: connections between processing centers

8. The Brain meninges – membranes layered between skull bones and brain tissue ventricles – communicating cavities of brain, continuous with central canal of the spinal cord

9. ventricles of brain

10. Brainstem connects spinal column to brain medulla oblongata –reflex centers for respiration and cardiovascular functions –complex reflexes (coughing, vomiting); –sleeping/waking; –conscious control of skeletal muscles

11. Brainstem pons –provides bridge to CNS –control of breathing, swallowing, balance, chewing and salivation midbrain – tectum and tegumentum –coordination center for reflex response to auditory, visual, tactile responses

12. Brainstem reticular formation –regulates respiration, walking, chewing –controls consciousness, sleep/wake cycle –where anesthesia acts on brain –damage can result in coma

13. Diencephalon between brainstem and cerebrum 1.thalamus – largest part –coordinating center for sensory signals –influences mood –perceives sensation as pleasant or unpleasant 2.epithalamus –emotional and visceral response to odors –contains pineal body – endocrine gland –could signal onset of puberty 3.hypothalamus – homeostatic control –body temp, hunger, thirst –controls secretions of hormones from pituitary glands

15. Cerebrum largest part of brain has 2 hemispheres with gyri (folds) and sulci (grooves) that increase surface area center for coordinating sensory and motor functions, memory and for abstract thought

16. Lobes of Cerebrum frontal –voluntary motor functions –intellect and behavior –aggression/personality –concentration, planning, problem solving –olfactory reception –Broca’s area - only on left side language production

17. Lobes of Cerebrum parietal –reception of conscious perception of sensory impulses (pain, temp, touch, balance, taste) –Wernicke’s Area language comprehension occipital –visual input reception and perception

18. Lobes of Cerebrum temporal –olfactory and auditory sensations – important role in memory –abstract thought and judgment –facial recognition

19. Hemispheres of Cerebrum right – sensory input and control of muscular activity for left side of body –functional skills –spatial perception –music –abstract thinking left – control for right side of body –analytical skills like math, speech

20. Corpus Callosum connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum coordinates the functions of the two halves over 200 million axons develops in 5 th -16 th week of gestation

21. Corpus Callosum

22. https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=82tlVcq6 E7Ahttps://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=82tlVcq6 E7A Split brain with Alan Alda

23. Cerebellum “little brain” smaller folds and grooves than cerebrum balance and posture, maintenance of muscle tone coordinated fine motor movement manual dexterity spatial orientation some language alcohol inhibits the functions of the cerebellum

24. Blood/Brain Barrier Capillaries have tight junctions so everything has to go through cell membranes. protects brain from harmful substances prevents medications from getting to brain

25. Limbic System scattered brain centers in the middle of cerebral hemispheres controls emotions and emotional responses hormonal secretions mood motivation pain and pleasure sensations

27. Structures of Limbic System amygdala involved in emotions and motivations (survival) processes fear, anger and pleasure determines what memories are stored and where based on degree of emotional response lesions: remember person but not if you like him or not

28. Structures of Limbic System cingulate cortex forms collar around corpus callosum anterior portion: cognitive and emotional responses dorsal portion: motor and eye fields ventral: emotions and motivation

29. Structures of Limbic System hippocampus - left and right forms new memories connecting emotions and senses to memories storage and retrieval of memories damage to both: no memory

30. Structures of Limbic System nucleus accumbens pleasure center; sexual arousal important role in reward, pleasure, laughter, addiction, aggression, fear, and the placebo effect damage: lack of motivation, impulsiveness, ADHD, inhibited addictive behavior

31. Structures of Limbic System ventral tegmental area sends messages on how needs are being satisfied forms reward circuit with nucleus accumbens lesions: no gratification from common pleasures –become alcoholics, gamble, eat sweets compulsively septum – anterior to thalamus center for sexual satisfaction (4 for women; 1 for men) parts of thalamus – mood, pleasant/unpleasant sensations hypothalamus – homeostasis; appropriate emotional response