1. A New Nation

2. Expanding the Federal Courts ➢ Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall of Virginia ➢ 4 th Supreme Court Justice ➢ Ruled on three important Supreme Court cases that dramatically increased the power of the Supreme Court

3. Key Supreme Court Decisions: Marbury v. Madison "It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each." — Chief Justice John Marshall ➢ John Marshall established the power of the federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional. ➢ This is now known as JUDICIAL REVIEW

4. Judicial Review 1.What are the symbols in the cartoon? What do they stand for? 2.What is happening in the cartoon? 3.How does the cartoon depict Judicial Review?

5. Key Supreme Court Decisions: McCulloch v. Maryland... The power to tax is the power to destroy.... ➢ Prohibited the states from taxing agencies of the federal government ➢ The doctrine of implied powers ➢ What does implied mean?

6. Key Supreme Court Decisions: Gibbons v. Ogden ➢ Supreme Court said Federal Commerce Clause outranks state laws ➢ Federal law is the SUPREME law ➢ Broad national view of economic affairs

7. Expanded Power of the Federal Courts ➢ All three Supreme Court Cases are the foundation blocks for the Court’s authority to mediate disagreements between ● The three branches of government (Marbury v. Madison) ● Different levels of government (McCulloch v. Maryland) ● Competing business interests (Gibbons v. Ogden)

8. George Washington’s Farewell Address “(A system of political parties) agitates the community with ill- founded jealousies and false alarms; kindles the animosity of one part against another, (and) foments (stirs up) occasionally riot and insurrection.” What is he warning against?

9. Advice Not Followed… ➢ After Washington’s presidency ended in the late 1790s, the first political parties emerged

10. 1 st Political Parties Formed: ➢ WHY? ● Controversy over the Federalists’ support for the Bank of the United States ● The Jay Treaty (with Britain-angered supporters of France) ● The undeclared war on France ➢ What Party formed against the Federalist? ● Democratic Republicans

12. 1796 Election Results Adams Jefferson

13. Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans ➢ Led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton ➢ Platform: Believed in strong national government ➢ Believed in an industrial/commercial economy ➢ Supported by bankers and business interests in the Northeast ➢ Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison ➢ Platform:Believed in a weak national government ➢ Believed in an agricultural economy ➢ Supported by farmers, artisans and frontier farmers in the ➢ South

14. Election of 1800

15. ➢ Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republican) won election vs. John Adams (Federalist) FIRST TIME POWER WAS PEACEFULLY TRANSFERRED FROM ONE PARTY TO ANOTHER!!!

16. Louisiana Purchase ➢ Thomas Jefferson purchased the huge Louisiana Territory from France. ➢ It doubled the size of the United States overnight.

17. Louisiana Purchase ➢ Jefferson authorized the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the new territories west of the Mississippi ➢ Sacajawea, an American Indian woman, served as their guide and translator

18. War of 1812 ➢ Fought between Great Britain and the USA ➢ CAUSES ● British interference: American shipping Western expansion ➢ Madison (Democratic Republican) declares war ● Federalists opposed Madison’s war resolution Threatened secession Proposed Constitutional amendments that were not acted upon

19. Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- Francis Scott Key

20. Gave proof through the night, That our flag was still there..

21. American “Wins” War of 1812 ➢ Win produced no major changes, American public opinion believed the United States had achieved victory over the British ➢ This belief produced an American claim to the Oregon Territory and increased migration of American settlers into Florida. ➢ The United States later acquired Florida from Spain by an 1819 treaty, called the Adams-Onis Treaty.

22. Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819

23. Monroe Doctrine, 1823 1 st Foreign Policy! ➢ Nations in the Western Hemisphere were inherently different from those of Europe, republics by nature rather than monarchies ➢ The American continents should not be considered for future colonization by any European powers

24. Monroe Doctrine ➢ The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere ➢ The United States would not interfere in European affairs.

27. America after the War of 1812 ➢ “Age of the Common Man” – Jacksonian America ● Heightened emphasis on equality in the political process for adult males ● Increased voter participation ● The rise of interest group politics and sectional issues ● A changing style of campaigning

28. Jackson: Expansion of Democracy Voting Requirements in the early 1800s

29. Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860 ➢ Jackson eliminated the previous property qualifications. ➢ This GREATLY increased the number of qualified voters ➢ Prior to the election of 1828, the majority of American people had been satisfied to have ‘aristocrats’ select their President

30. Impact on American Indians ➢ American Indians were repeatedly defeated in violent conflicts with settlers and soldiers. ➢ American Indians were forcibly removed from their ancestral homelands.

31. Impact on American Indians: Trail of Tears ➢ They were either forced to march far away from their homes ● The “Trail of Tears” – when several tribes were relocated from the Atlantic Coast states to Oklahoma ➢ …or they were confined to reservations

32. Jackson: Spoils System ➢ Once elected, President Andrew Jackson employed the spoils system ● A system where you reward your supporters by giving them government jobs

33. New Political Parties! ➢ The Federalist Party disappeared ➢ The Whigs and the Know-Nothings were organized in opposition to the Democratic Party