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Introduction of Genomic Nada Al-Juaid. Out line  Cell  DNA the molecule of life  Centra dogma  Gene  Genetics  Genome  Genomic  Epigenomic  Human.

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Presentation on theme: "Introduction of Genomic Nada Al-Juaid. Out line  Cell  DNA the molecule of life  Centra dogma  Gene  Genetics  Genome  Genomic  Epigenomic  Human."— Presentation transcript:

1 Introduction of Genomic Nada Al-Juaid

2 Out line  Cell  DNA the molecule of life  Centra dogma  Gene  Genetics  Genome  Genomic  Epigenomic  Human Genome Project (HGP)

3 Cell structure  Cells are the structural and functional units of all living organisms  All living matter except viruses and prions consists of cells  Types of cells:  Unicellular: consisting of a single cell, such as bacteria  Multicellular: have many cells, such as human

4 Nucleus  Nucleus is the “command center”  Chromosomes  Double-stranded  DNA helix  Encoded information in the form of bases “genetic code”

5 Chromosome  A chromosome is an organized package of DNA found in the nucleus of the cell  Different organisms have different numbers of chromosomes.  Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes-  autosomes : 22 pairs of chromosomes.  sex chromosomes: one pair X and Y.

6 Structure of nucleic acids:  DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are polymers of nucleotides linked in a chain through phosphodiester bonds  Nucleotides have a distinctive structure composed of three components covalently bound together: Nitrogen-containing "base" - either a pyrimidine (one ring) or purine (two rings) Five-carbon sugar - ribose or deoxyribose Phosphate group

7 Structure of nucleic acids: Nucleoside = Sugar + Base Nucleotide = Sugar + Base + Phosphate

8 DNA Structure  DNA: consists of two long chains of subunits, each twisted around the other to form a double stranded helix.  The subunits of each strand are  nucleotides,consists of a nitrogenous base, a sugar (deoxyribose) and one to three phosphate groups.  The four bases in DNA are Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)

9 DNA REPLICATION

10  The following table describes the cell cycle for a hypothetical cell with a 24 hr cycle. Figure : shows cell cycle in living organism

11 central dogma  central dogma: Process that transfer genetic information from DNA to RNA to produce protein.

12 Central Dogma Figure: The "Central Dogma"—a fundamental principle of molecular biology— states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

13 Difference between RNA & DNA

14 Gene : Unit of heredity  It is a molecule unite carriers genetic information.

15 Genetics  Genetics is a term that refers to the study of genes and their roles in inheritance  The way that certain traits are passed down from one generation to another.  Examples of genetic or inherited disorders include cystic fibrosis

16 Important of Genetics  play roles in diagnose, treat, prevent and cure many diseases.  Evolution(is the change in the inherited characteristics of organisms over successive generations)  greater biodiversity/variation

17 genome  Origin of term  The term was adapted in 1920 by Hans Winkler.  The suffix "-ome" comes from the Greek for all, every, or complete. It was originally used in "genome," which refers to all the genes in a organism.  genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is exist either in DNA or in RNA(virus).  The genome includes both the genes(coding) and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA.

18 genome  Genome size: it is the set of the bp DNA in one copy of haploid gnome of organism.  All genomes are made up of the same bases pairs, The differences between genomes depended on the number and sequence of base pairs and genes.

19 Definition of genomic  It is the field of sciences which study the genome of organisms(all of a organism's genes ).  including interactions of those genes with each other and with the organism's environment.  Genomics includes the scientific study of complex diseases such as heart disease, asthma, diabetes, and cancer because these diseases are typically caused more by a combination of genetic and environmental factors than by individual genes.

20 Why are the different

21 The Concept of Epigenetic  is the study of heritable genome wide changes in phenotype (appearance) or gene expression caused by mechanisms without changes in the DNA sequence

22 The Concept of Epigenetic

23

24 Epigenetic mechanisms  There are two main ways in which the epigenome “marks” the genome: both of which play a role in turning genes off or on  DNA methylation: The attachment of a methyl (CH 3 ) group to the backbone of the DNA molecule at a specific place is called methylation, and this has a direct effect on gene activity (The methyl groups turn genes off ).  histone modification: A variety of Chemical tags on the histone proteins affect how tightly or loosely the DNA molecule is wrapped up in the chromosome.  If the wrapping is tight, a gene be switched off.  In contrast, if the wrapping is loosened, a gene be turned on.

25 Epigenetic mechanisms

26 Epigenome  epigenome means "above" the genome  Epigenome consists of a record of the chemical changes to the DNA and histone proteins of an organism; these changes can be passed down to an organism's offspring.DNAhistone

27 Epigenomic  Epigenomics is the study of all the chemical tags on the genome that control the activities of genes. (turn on, turn off for genes)  This allows differentiation between cell types – thus skin cells behave like skin cells, and liver cells act like liver cells

28 Human Genome Project (HGP)  (HGP) is an international scientific research project.  Completed in 2003  All human beings are 99.9 percent identical in their genetic makeup.  Project goals : 1. identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA, as well as their localization on our 23 chromosome pairs and mapping them. 2. store this information in databases. 3. determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA

29 Reference  http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Uniquely-Me/Sci- Media/Images/Cell-chromosomes-and-DNA http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Uniquely-Me/Sci- Media/Images/Cell-chromosomes-and-DNA  http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-a-Chromosome.aspx http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-a-Chromosome.aspx  http://geneed.nlm.nih.gov/topic_subtopic.php?tid=15&sid=17 http://geneed.nlm.nih.gov/topic_subtopic.php?tid=15&sid=17  http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/eukarychrom/eukaryo2. htm http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/eukarychrom/eukaryo2. htm  Christensen,J.;Muent, D. and Ochoa,W.(2002).BIOTECHNOLOGY AN OVERVIEW. http://www.eib.org/attachments/pj/pjbio_en.pdfhttp://www.eib.org/attachments/pj/pjbio_en.pdf  http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml  Hershey, A. D. and Chase,M. Chapter 1, Introduction to Molecular Genetics and Genomics. An Introduction to Biotechnology from (http://www.amgen.com/pdfs/misc/An_Introduction_Biotechnology.pdf )http://www.amgen.com/pdfs/misc/An_Introduction_Biotechnology.pdf  http://www.genome.gov/19016904 http://www.genome.gov/19016904  http://epicore.med.cornell.edu/ http://epicore.med.cornell.edu/

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