1. Assessing soil quality, soil testing procedures, soil test interpretation Weston Miller, OSU Extension Service

2. Preview of presentation Safety precautions General soil quality assessment How to take a soil test What to test for Interpreting results

3. Safeair.Oregon.gov Based on soil data collected by DEQ in late February 2016, OHA concludes that the levels of metals in soil around Bullseye Glass in SE Portland and Uroboros Glass in N Portland are too low to harm the health of people in the surrounding community. As a precaution for urban food gardeners in general, State agencies are advising that gardeners perform soil tests for metals in urban areas regardless of proximity to air pollution sources.

4. How to interpret results of soil test for heavy metals in urban areas

5. Safety first with metals!

6. How to minimize exposure to heavy metals through vegetable gardening Research inherent hazard of site – Old paint on/near buildings, industries like gas stations/plumbing shops, air pollution from roads/industry, etc. Increase soil pH by adding lime to the soil Add compost and other forms of organic matter Avoid root crops and greens in suspect areas Wash produce thoroughly Take off shoes before entering home Wash hands after gardening, even if you use gloves

7. Questions to assess soil quality 1. Does soil have good structure and tilth? 2. Is the soil free of compacted layers? 3. Is the soil easily worked? 4. Is the soil full of living organisms? 5. Are earthworms abundant in the soil? 6. Is plant residue present and decomposing? 7. Do crops/weeds appear healthy and vigorous? 8. Do roots grow well? 9. Does water infiltrate quickly? 10. Is water available for plant growth?

8. Drainage Avoid low areas Raised beds Organic matter

9. Look for signs of life Look for response of plants to flush of nutrients in early summer

10. Soil Texture How coarse or fine a mineral soil is. The proportion of sand, silt, and clay.

11. Soil Triangle

12. Laboratory texture analysis

13. Soil texture by feel

14. Relative Size of Soil Particles (University of Nebraska, Lincoln)

16. General properties of sandy soils Sandy soils tend to be: Low in organic matter content Low native fertility Low water holding capacity Low cation exchange and buffer capacities Rapidly permeability of air and water

17. General properties of finer soils Finer soils tend to be: Higher in organic matter content Higher native fertility Higher water holding capacity Higher cation exchange and buffer capacities Slower permeability of air and water Good up to a point, then…

18. (CA Fertilizer Association) Ideal soil structure

19. OM helps to aggregate particles, creating pore spaces

21. OSU soil testing resources Keyword search “OSU small farms soil test” How to take a sample List of labs How to interpret results

22. Why do chemcial analysis of soils? Establish baseline nutrient status Determine application rates Assess pH and need for liming Measure changes over time Avoid excess nutrient application or build up of salt

23. How to take a soil test

24. Determine management units

25. Sample where the crop will be planted

29. What to test for pH (acidity-basicity) SMP buffer (ease of change of pH) Organic matter (OM) Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium (Na)- salts Texture?

30. Date

31. Organic matter

32. Organic Matter (OM) Tests not so accurate, tend to overestimate Look for 5-8% OM for veggies

33. Soil Organic Matter (SOM) fractions

35. Organic Matter Key to long term fertility Improves quality of most soils Breaks down to form humus (natural glue) Strengthens aggregates Improves water holding capacity Releases plant nutrients Provides food for beneficial organisms

36. Too much of a good thing? High Organic Matter (OM) content leads to: – High rates of mineralization of soil leading to potential excess available nutrients (P and K) – Excess nutrients can lead to plant problems High P can affect micronutrient and N absorption – Potential for excess nutrients to leach into groundwater or surface water as non-point source of pollution

37. Cation Exchange Capacity

38. A soil’s capacity to hold cations is called its cation exchange capacity or CEC. CEC is a calculated value

39. CEC determines availability of cations Higher in clay soils because negative charge Organic matter and increase pH can increase effective CEC

43. pH

44. pH Scale pH 6-7 is best for vegetable production

45. Soil pH determines if lime is needed

46. Soil pH and nutrient availability Soil bacteria abundance

47. Courtesy John Hart, OSU Crop & Soil Science Soil pH is Key

48. Courtesy John Hart, OSU Crop & Soil Science

49. SMP Buffer pH

50. SMP Buffer tells how much lime to apply

51. To Increase Soil pH Lime (Calcium carbonate) –Per soil test recommendations –Or 5-10 # / 100 sq. ft. –Dolomite also has Mg –Apply in fall, if possible

52. Phosphorus soil test

53. Potassium

54. Calcium

55. Magnesium

56. Trace minerals: B and Zn Zn = 6.8ppm, which is high, but Zn rarely causes toxicity except in saline soils Consider tissue analysis to test for B if noticing signs of deficiency (chlorotic young leaves; death of main growing point; stunted growth)

57. What about nitrogen? Forms available for plant uptake – Nitrate (N0 3 - ) – Ammonium (NH 4 + ) Concentrations depend on bio activity Vary widely with temp and moisture Difficult to interpret soil test results

58. Nitrate nitrogen

59. Residual soil nitrate

60. General recommendation: Apply 3 # actual N per 100ft 2 over course of season in splits with. No more than ½ in initial application

61. Review of presentation Safety precautions General soil assessment How to take a soil test Safety first! What to test for Interpreting results