1. OPTION D MEDICINES and DRUGS D1: Pharmaceutical products and short overview of the option

2. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs2 Outline of this option Pharmaceutical products Antacids Analgesics Depressants Stimulants Antibacterials Antivirals Drug action (HL) Drug design (HL) Mind altering drugs (HL)

3. Definition of a Medicine Any chemical substance that Alters a physiological state Alters mood or emotions Alters incoming sensory sensations Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether a drug has any medicinal value. The legitimate purpose of a drug is usually to improve health. Use of drugs in some cases is controversial. 3

4. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs4 What is a medicine or drug? A substance that alters one or more of the following: Incoming sensory sensations Mood or emotions Physiological state  Consciousness  Activity level  Co-ordination

5. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs5 Categories of medicines Infection fighters  Antiseptics  Antibiotics  Antivirals Affecting metabolism  Hormones  Vitamins Affecting central nervous system  Stimulants  Depressants  Analgesics  Anaesthetics

6. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs6 Placebo Effect Inert substance but effective Used as control substance Power of suggestion Body’s natural healing

7. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs7 Research on new products 1. Tests on animals Dose, side effects 2. Clinical trial (phase 1) Safety, dose range 3. Clinical trial (phase 2) Response, investigator bias, statistics 4. Clinical trial (phase 3) Extended evaluation > 16/3620 medicines into the market in 1970 > Thalidomide: for morning sickness but deformed babies

8. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs8 Administration of drugs Oral convenient, absorbed at small intestines Rectal when not able from mouth or destroyed by acids Inhalation rapid, anaesthesia Parenteral / Injection  Subcutaneous (dental, slow)  Intramuscular (vaccinations, large V)  Intravenous (fast, practical)

9. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs9 Lethal Dose (LD 50 ) = the dose of a substance in mg per Kg of body mass, that kills 50% of sample The smaller the LD50, the more toxic the substance Examples:aspirinrat: 200 rabbit: 1000 nicotinerat: 50 ethanolrat: 9000

10. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs10 Effective Dose (ED 50 ) = the dose of a substance in mg per Kg of body mass, that is effective to 50% of sample The smaller the ED50, the more effective the substance Examples:aspirin55

11. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs11 Therapeutic window = the ratio of LD50 over ED50 The wider the window, the safer the substance Examples:aspirin therapeutic window = 200/55

12. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs12 Drug effect Main effect (desired) Side effects (unwanted responses) Drug effects are relative!! Morphine: For pain relief, constipation is side effect For diarrhoea, pain relief is side effect

13. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs13 Tolerance Over time and with regular use, the user requires larger dose of the drug to achieve the effect originally obtained by smaller dose Increase of hazards (larger amounts) No tolerance to side effects If drug not taken for long time > decrease of tolerance > overdose

14. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs14 And now a short presentation of the rest of the topics of this option...

15. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs15 ANTACIDS Why is stomach acidic? How can we neutralize it? What are the most common antacids? What are the neutralizing reactions? With what can the antacids be combined?

16. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs16 ANALGESICS What are soft and strong analgesics? How do they prevent pain? Aspirin versus paracetamol? Morphine versus heroin/codeine? Advantages – disadvantages?

17. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs17 DEPRESSANTS What is their effect? How is effect dependant on dose?  Tranquilizers  Sedatives  Hypnotics  Anaesthetics Ethanol (effects, detection) Most common depressants?

18. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs18 STIMULANTS What is their effect? Adrenaline versus amphetamines Nicotine  Short-term effects  Long-term effects Caffeine  Effects  Comparison to nicotine

19. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs19 ANTIBACTERIALS The discovery of penicillin How penicillin works Modifications of penicillin Use and overprescription Broad versus narrow spectrum antibiotics

20. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs20 ANTIVIRALS Viruses versus bacteria How do antiviral drugs work? What is HIV and what AIDS? Why is it difficult to fight HIV? (AIDS prevention methods?)

21. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs21 DRUG ACTION Geometrical isomers can have different pharmacological effects Examples: CISplatin – Thalidomide Optical isomers can have different pharmacological effects Examples: Thalidomide How structural features affect the pharmacological effect Examples: Penicillin, heroin

22. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs22 DRUG DESIGN Compound library Combinatorial and parallel chemistry Computer aided drug design Polarity modification Chirality modification

23. Jan 3, 2010Medicines and Drugs23 MIND ALTERING DRUGS LSD, Mescaline, Psilocybin, THC Effects similarities, differences Legalization of cannabis