1. CHAPTER 8

2. Bell Ringer Nov. 30, 2015 Page 236 – Greek Word Origins What Greek root word means “earth”? What Greek root word means “study of”? What English word means “The study of the earth”? Think of other words using the Greek root “graphy” and tell the meaning of the word.

3. Geography Shapes Greek Civilization The Greeks lived on mountainous rocky land surrounded by water The mainland of Greece is a peninsula made up of smaller peninsulas Picture those peninsulas & islands dominated by mountains that run to the sea. A few small valleys and coastal plains provide farm land & villages This is where one of the world’s greatest civilizations developed

4. Mountains & Settlements People of Greece settled in river valleys and along the coast. They lived in villages separated by mountains and seas Travel across the mountains and seas was difficult so communities developed their own governments and ways of life. The Greeks spoke the same language, but thought of themselves as different countries.

5. Seas & Ships Since travel inland was difficult across the mountains, the Greeks turned to the seas. To the South was the huge Mediterranean Sea To the West was the Ionian Sea To the East was the Aegean Sea The Greeks became skilled at shipbuilding & trade.

6. Trading Cultures Develop Many cultures settled in Greece. Two of the earliest were the Minoan and the Mycenaean By 2000 BC – The Minoans had built an advanced society on the island of Crete. The Minoans were the best shipbuilders of their time & traded up and down the Mediterranean Sea Somewhere around 1600 BC – a volcano erupted near Crete causing a tsunami that covered most of Crete & the volcanic ash covered the island, possibly leading to the end of the Minoan civilization Historians do not consider the Minoan to be Greek because they did not speak Greek.

7. Mycenaean The first people to speak Greek & therefore the first to be considered Greek were the Mycenaean. While the Minoans were sailing the Mediterranean, the Mycenaean were building fortresses all over the mainland, eventually taking over the island of Crete. They became major traders, not always peacefully. Some historians believed they started the Trojan War. Due to earthquakes, decline, and attacks from Europeans – Greece slid into what is now called the Dark Age of Greece.

8. Greeks Create City-States About 300 years after the Mycenaean crumbled, the Greeks began to form city- states for protection The formation of city-states marks the beginning of what is called Classical Greece The Greek word for city-state is Polis. A Classical Age is a time in history marked by great achievement. A city-state was built around a strong fortress that stood on top of a high hill called the Acropolis. The town around the Acropolis was surrounded by another wall.

9. Life in a City-State Farmers usually lived outside the city walls – but would sell their produce inside the city and run into the city during times of war. Life in the city focused on the marketplace or the Agora Social gatherings were also held there It often contained shops The city-state was the foundation of Greek civilization providing security & identity.

10. Colonization As the Greek city-states became more settled and stable, the Greeks could concentrate on trade and expansion The Greeks began to establish colonies Those colonies became independent City-states and established other colonies. Eventually – Greek colonies spread all over the Mediterranean region Cities today that started as Greek colonies are: Istanbul, Turkey/ Marseille, France/ Naples, Italy

11. Section 1 – Geography & Early Greeks 1.a. What kinds of landforms are found in Greece? b. How did the sea help shape early Greek society? c. How might the difficulty of mountain travel have been a benefit to the Greeks? A. Mountains, valleys, & Coastal plains are found in Greece B. The Sea provided jobs in shipbuilding, fishing, and a means of trading with other communities C. Mountains provided the Greeks with a form of protection from attack.

12. 2. a. What was the first major civilization to develop in Greece? b. How were the Minoan & the Mycenaean similar? A.The Minoan civilization was the first major civilization in Greece B.Minoan & Mycenaean both traded with other societies, influenced Greek culture, and both used the sea for travel & trade. They were both very advanced.

13. 3. a. What is a Polis? b. Why do you think the Greeks built their cities around a high acropolis? A.A polis is the Greek word for City-State B.The acropolis served as a fortress and protection

14. Essential Question What influence did geography have on Greek city-states? Communities were isolated due to the difficulty of travel across mts and seas, so the communities developed their own gov’t and cultures

15. Bell Ringer December 1, 2015 Page 244 – History & Geography Map 1.How was the history of the Mediterranean world changed by a volcano? 2.What did a volcano do to the island of Santorini? It contributed to the destruction of the Minoan civilization It left a huge gap on the island’s western side

16. Government in Athens Chapter 8 Section 2 Greece is the birthplace of democracy. Not all the city-states became democracies In early Athens – Kings ruled – then later aristocrats took power Eventually – a man named Solon created laws that gave rights to poor men. Free men, living in Athens, became citizens and could participate in government – but the people wanted the aristocrats out of power.

18. The Rise of the Tyrants 536 – Peisistratus ruled as a Tyrant – and held power through force The people supported him because he brought peace & prosperity through strict rule Many improvements were made to the city. When he died – his son ruled for a while until Athens was attacked by another city with the help of their own aristocrats.

19. Athens Creates Democracy 500 BC – Cleisthenes gained power and established a democracy He is sometimes called the “Father of Democracy” All citizens could participate in making the laws, speaking publically at meetings, and voting. Athens remained a democracy for about 170 years, reaching its height under Pericles. Pericles paid those people who worked in government and encouraged people to spread democracy.

20. End of Democracy in Athens 330 BC – Athens was conquered by the Macedonians from the north Macedonian King ruled – though Athens could make limited laws, but eventually a new King took over and ended democracy forever.

21. How are We the Same or Different? Athens had a direct democracy – Citizens voted on the issues – Majority ruled. The US is too large for direct democracy. We cannot all meet in one place to discuss issues & vote We have a Representative Democracy – a Republic We elect officials to make the laws – they vote on the issues – we vote on who the officials will be

22. Essential Question Who held power at different times in the government of Athens? What role did common people have in each type? OligarchyTyrannyDemocracy A government where only a few people rule – the Aristocrats Common people had little say in government Rule by a tyrant – a leader who held power through the use of force & strong armies The people supported him if he kept the peace and improved their lives A government where the people rule themselves. The common “man” in Ancient Greece could vote if he was a citizen.

23. Bell Ringer December 2 2015 Page 253 List the Greek gods and their assigned ruling power.

24. Myths Explained the World The ancient Greeks believed in many gods. These gods were at the center of Greek mythology – stories explaining natural or historical events The Greeks believed that gods caused thunder, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions

25. Gods and Mythology Hephaestus lived underground. The fire and lava that poured out of volcanoes came from his forge. He created weapons and armor for the other gods

26. The Greeks also believed the gods caused daily events. Demeter – goddess of agriculture created the seasons In the winter – she weeps for her daughter who has to return to her captor. In the spring – Demeter is happy because her daughter returns to her

27. Temples to Gods The Greeks built great temples to honor the gods Many Greeks in need of advice traveled to Delphi where they spoke to the oracle – female priest of Apollo to whom they thought the god gave answers. The oracle was so respected that Greek leaders asked her for advice about ruling their cities

28. Heroes and Mythology Many Greek myths told about adventures of great heroes. People of Athens told stories about Theseus who traveled to Crete and killed the Minotaur. Northern Greece told myths about Jason sailing across the sea to find the golden fleece – and fighting enemies. The most famous was Hercules – who fought monsters and performed impossible tasks

29. Olympics Read Page 255 – Linking to Today How are modern Olympics similar to the ancient Games? How are they different? Alike: races, wrestling, boxing, throwing, every 4 years, Different: only men, honor the gods, both men and women

30. Essential Question How did the Greeks use myths to explain the world around them? Natural disasters caused by the gods, Seasons were created by Demeter, adventures of great Heroes taught lessons

31. Bell Ringer Who was Homer and Aesop? Did they really live? (page 256-257) Homer was a blind Greek poet that was the author of The Iliad & The Odyssey. Some historians don’t believe he really existed Aesop was a Greek who wrote fables. No one knows if he ever really lived.

32. Ancient Greek Literature Among the earliest Greek writings are two epic poems, The Iliad & The Odyssey, by a poet named Homer The Iliad describes the deeds of great heroes who fought in the Trojan War: Achilles, Hector, Paris, The Odyssey describes the challenges that the Greek hero Odysseus (Ulysses) faced on his way home from the war. Homer’s poems were more than just entertainment to the Greeks. They were central to the ancient Greek education system People memorized long passages as part of their lessons. They were symbols of Greece’s great history. They are considered to be some of the greatest literature ever produced

33. Lyric Poetry Other poets wrote poems that were often recited as songs accompanied by the lyre. These poets were called lyric poets. Today the words of songs are called “lyrics” after the ancient Greek poets and their lyre. Most were men, however the most famous lyric poet was a woman named Sappho. Her poems were about love and relationships with her friends & family. Only fragments of her work remain

34. Fables Fables are short stories that teach a lesson Aesop was a famous Greek story teller. Animals are the main characters that talk & act like humans. What is the lesson in the fable of The Ant & The Grasshopper? pg.257 People shouldn’t waste time instead of working The Tortoise and the Hare teaches that it is better to work slowly and carefully than to hurry and make mistakes. The Boy Who Cried Wolf warns readers not to play pranks.

35. Essential Question How have Greek myths & literature influenced the world in which we live? (Pages 258 – 259) Greek myths have inspired artists for centuries: painter, sculptors have used Gods & heroes as subjects of their works Writers have retold ancient stories in books and movies Sports teams use mythological references: Trojans/ Titans

36. Vocabulary 1.Democracy: a type of government in which people rule themselves 2.Aristocrats: group of rich landowners 3.Oligarchy: government in which only a few people have power 4.Citizens: people who had the right to participate in government 5.Tyrant: a leader who held power through the use of force 6.Mythology: a body of stories about gods and heroes that try to explain how the world works 7.Fables: short stories that teach the reader lessons about life 8.Polis: Greek word for city-state 9.Classical Age: one that is marked by great achievements 10.Acropolis: a high hill

37. Essential Question from reading on page 260-261 What heroic abilities do Achilles & Hector share?