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© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 1 Addressing the network IPv4 CCNA Exploration Semester 1 – Chapter 6.

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Presentation on theme: "© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 1 Addressing the network IPv4 CCNA Exploration Semester 1 – Chapter 6."— Presentation transcript:

1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 1 Addressing the network IPv4 CCNA Exploration Semester 1 – Chapter 6

2 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 2 IP addressing – works at  OSI model layer 3  TCP/IP model Internet layer Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Application Transport Internet Network Access TCP, UDP IP Ethernet, WAN technologies HTTP, FTP, TFTP, SMTP etc Segment Packet Frame Bits Data stream

3 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 3 Addressing topics  Binary and decimal  Types of IP addresses  Assigning addresses  Network part and subnet masks  Calculating addresses  Ping and Traceroute Utilities

4 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 4 Binary and decimal  Convert to 8-bit binary  248  187  89  Convert to decimal  00110100  01010101  11001111

5 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 5 248 to binary 1286432168421 11111000 248 -128 120 24 -16 8 56 -32 24 120 -64 56

6 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 6 187 to binary 1286432168421 10111011 187 -128 59 27 -16 11 11 -8 3 59 -32 27 3 -2 1

7 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 7 89 to binary 1286432168421 01011001 89 -64 25 25 -16 9 9 -8 1

8 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 8 00110100 to decimal 1286432168421 00110100 32164 32 +16 + 4 52 52

9 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 9 01010101 to decimal 1286432168421 01010101 641641 64 +16 + 4 + 1 85 85

10 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 10 11001111 to decimal 1286432168421 11001111 128648421 128 + 64 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 207 207

11 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 11 Binary and decimal  Convert to 8-bit binary  24811111000  18710111011  8901011001  Convert to decimal  0011010052  0101010185  11001111207

12 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 12 IPv4 address 192.168.21.17 11000000101010000001010100010001 octet network parthost part 255. 0 11111111 00000000 Prefix /24 Subnet mask:

13 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 13 Find the network address 192.168.21.17 11000000101010000001010100010001 In a network address, all the host bits are 0. 192.168.21.0 11000000101010000001010100000000 The router needs to do this for every packet.

14 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 14 Logical AND 192.168.21.17 11000000101010000001010100010001 255. 0 11111111 00000000 Do a logical AND at each position 192.168.21.0 11000000101010000001010100000000

15 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 15 Find the broadcast address 192.168.21.17 11000000101010000001010100010001 In a broadcast address, all the host bits are 1. 192.168.21.255 11000000101010000001010111111111 The broadcast is the last address in the network.

16 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 16 3 types of address  Every network has:  Network address – the first one  Broadcast address – the last one  Host addresses – everything in between

17 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 17 Classful addressing 10.17.53.60 network parthost part A 172.16.38.201 network parthost part B 192.168.21.17 network parthost part C

18 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 18 Classful addressing  Easy to work out but very wasteful.  Routers and hosts still assume class subnet masks by default  Class A/8255.0.0.0  Class B/16255.255.0.0  Class C/24255.255.255.0

19 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 19 Classless addressing  Any suitable prefix can be used  We (and devices) need to know what the prefix is.  More flexible, less wasteful.

20 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 20 Classless addressing /16  172.16.0.0/16 mask 255.255.0.0  Broadcast address 172.16.255.255  Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.255.254  65534 host addresses 172.16.0.0 101011000001000000000000

21 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 21 Classless addressing /24  172.16.0.0/24 mask 255.255.255.0  Broadcast address 172.16.0.255  Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.254  254 host addresses 172.16.0.0 101011000001000000000000

22 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 22 Classless addressing /22  172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.252.0  Broadcast address 172.16.3.255  Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.3.254  1022 host addresses 172.16.0.0 101011000001000000000000

23 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 23 Classless addressing /26  172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.255.192  Broadcast address 172.16.0.63  Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.62  62 host addresses 172.16.0.0 101011000001000000000000

24 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 24 Classless addressing /28  172.16.0.0/28 mask 255.255.255.240  Broadcast address 172.16.0.15  Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.14  14 host addresses 172.16.0.0 101011000001000000000000

25 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 25 Calculating addresses  A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/24  What is the subnet mask?  What is the network address?  What is the broadcast address?  What is the range of host addresses in the network?

26 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 26 192.168.1.70/24 – fill in the table Last octet binaryLast octet decimal Full Host Subnet mask Network Broadcast First host Last host

27 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 27 192.168.1.70/24 Last octet binaryLast octet decimal Full Host0100011070192.168.1.70 Subnet mask000000000255.255.255.0 Network000000000192.168.1.0 Broadcast11111111255192.168.1.255 First host000000011192.168.1.1 Last host11111110254192.168.1.254

28 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 28 Calculating addresses  A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/26  What is the subnet mask?  What is the network address?  What is the broadcast address?  What is the range of host addresses in the network?

29 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 29 192.168.1.70/26 fill in the table Last octet binary Last octet decimal Full Host Subnet mask Network Broadcast First host Last host

30 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 30 192.168.1.70/26 Last octet binary Last octet decimal Full Host0100011070192.168.1.70 Subnet mask11000000192255.255.255.192 Network0100000064192.168.1.64 Broadcast01111111127192.168.1.127 First host0100000165192.168.1.65 Last host01111110126192.168.1.126

31 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 31 Calculating addresses  A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/28  What is the subnet mask?  What is the network address?  What is the broadcast address?  What is the range of host addresses in the network?

32 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 32 192.168.1.70/28 fill in the table Last octet binary Last octet decimal Full Host Subnet mask Network Broadcast First host Last host

33 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 33 192.168.1.70/28 Last octet binary Last octet decimal Full Host0100011070192.168.1.70 Subnet mask11110000240255.255.255.240 Network0100000064192.168.1.64 Broadcast0100111179192.168.1.79 First host0100000165192.168.1.65 Last host0100111078192.168.1.78

34 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 34 Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast  Unicast – a message addressed to one host  Broadcast – a message addressed to all hosts on a network. Uses network’s broadcast address or 255.255.255.255 locally  Multicast – a message addressed to a group of hosts. Uses an address starting 224 - 239

35 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 35 Private IP addresses  Unrestricted use on private networks. Not routed across the Internet.  10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)  172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/20)  192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/24)

36 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 36 Public IP addresses  Routed over the Internet  Master holder is IANA  Assigned to regional registries and then to ISPs  ISPs allocate them to organisations and individual users  Use is strictly controlled as duplicate addresses are not allowed

37 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 37 Special addresses  0.0.0.0 “all addresses” in default route. Hosts cannot be given addresses starting 0.  127.0.0.1 is loopback. Hosts cannot be given addresses starting 127.  240.0.0.0 and higher – reserved for experimental purposes.  169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 local only  192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 for teaching

38 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 38 Network address translation  A large number of hosts on a network use private addresses to communicate with each other.  The ISP allocates one or a few public addresses.  NAT allows the hosts to share the public addresses when they want to use the Internet

39 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 39 Addressing hosts  Static addressing – address is configured by an administrator  Servers, printers, routers, switches need static addresses  Dynamic addressing – address is allocated automatically by DHCP by leasing addresses from a pool  Dynamic addressing is best for workstations

40 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 40 Blocks of addresses UseAddress rangeSummary Network address192.168.1.0192.168.1.0/25 User hosts192.168.1.1-127 Servers192.168.1.128 - 191192.168.1.128/26 Peripherals192.168.1.192 - 223192.168.1.192/27 Network devices192.168.1.224 - 253192.168.1.224/27 Router192.168.1.254 Broadcast192.168.1.255

41 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 41 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Address192.168.1.000000000 Subnet mask255.255.255.000000000 Last octet binary Borrow 1 bit from host part, give it to network part, /25 Addresses192.168.1.0 192.168.1.128 00000000 10000000 Subnet mask255.255.255.12810000000

42 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 42 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Borrow 2 bits from host part, give to network part, /26 Addresses192.168.1.0 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.192 00000000 01000000 10000000 11000000 Subnet mask255.255.255.19211000000

43 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 43 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Borrow 3 bits from host part, give to network part, /27 Addresses192.168.1.0 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.96 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.160 192.168.1.192 192.168.1.224 00000000 00100000 01000000 01100000 10000000 10100000 11000000 11100000 Subnet mask255.255.255.22411100000

44 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 44 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Borrow 4 bits from host part, give to network part, /28 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.16 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.48 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.80 192.168.1.96 192.168.1.112 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.144 192.168.1.160 192.168.1.176 192.168.1.192 192.168.1.208 192.168.1.224 192.168.1.240 00000000 00010000 00100000 00110000 01000000 01010000 01100000 01110000 10000000 10010000 10100000 10110000 11000000 11010000 11100000 11110000 Subnet mask 255.255.255.240 11110000 And so on…

45 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 45 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24  Every time you borrow another bit you: Double the number of subnets Halve the size of the subnets  Each subnet has a network address, a broadcast address, and everything in between is a host address.  Here are some ways of visualising the process.

46 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 46 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Bits borrowed123456 No of networks248163264 Prefix/25/26/27/28/29/30 Bit value/ network size 12864321684 No of hosts12662301462 Subnet mask128192224240248252

47 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 47 Address space  Make a spreadsheet or table with numbers 0 to 255  Link to show table Link to show table

48 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 48 Subnet chart

49 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 49 Subnetting  There are many subnet calculators, but you will not be able to use them in exams.  Start with the biggest subnet and work down to the smallest.  Make sure the subnets are valid sizes with valid subnet masks.  Make sure that there are no overlaps.

50 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 50 Ping and traceroute  Ping sends an ICMP message. If all is well, the destination replies. If not, a router may reply to say the destination is unreachable, or the ping may time out.  Traceroute sends a series of messages so that each router along the path replies. You get a list of addresses of all the routers.

51 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 51 IPv6  Development started in 1990s because of concerns about IPv4 addresses running out  A whole new protocol suite – not just layer 3  Uses 128-bit hierarchical addressing, written using hexadecimal  Simpler header  Integrated security – authentication, privacy  Quality of service mechanisms

52 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 52 Subnetting - visual CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Chapter 6

53 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 53 Prefix /24 Three octets in network part, last octet in host part. All possible numbers 0 – 255 in last octet belong in the same network. Network address yellow Broadcast address blue Subnet mask 255.255.255.0

54 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 54 Prefix /25 First bit of fourth octet taken into network part. For every bit taken, double number of networks, halve their size. Network address yellow Broadcast address blue Subnet mask 255.255.255.128

55 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 55 Prefix /26 2 bits of fourth octet taken into network part. For every bit taken, double number of networks, halve their size. Network address yellow Broadcast address blue Subnet mask 255.255.255.192

56 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 56 Prefix /27 3 bits of fourth octet taken into network part. For every bit taken, double number of networks, halve their size. Network address yellow Broadcast address blue Subnet mask 255.255.255.224

57 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 57 Prefix /28 4 bits of fourth octet taken into network part. For every bit taken, double number of networks, halve their size. Network address yellow Broadcast address blue Subnet mask 255.255.255.240

58 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 58 Prefix /29 5 bits of fourth octet taken into network part. For every bit taken, double number of networks, halve their size. Network address yellow Broadcast address blue Subnet mask 255.255.255.248

59 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 59 Prefix /30 6 bits of fourth octet taken into network part. For every bit taken, double number of networks, halve their size. Network address yellow Broadcast address blue Subnet mask 255.255.255.252

60 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 60 Variable length Networks do not need to be all the same size. /27 /26 /25

61 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 61 Summary  Hierarchical Design model addresses performance, scalability, maintainability & manageability issues.  Traffic Analysis is used to monitor network performance.  Hierarchical Design Model is composed of 3 layers: Access Distribution Core  Switches selected for each layer must meet the needs of each hierarchical layer as well as the needs of the business.

62 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 62 Labs & Activities TypeDetail PT1.2.4Mandatory* Lab1.3.1Mandatory PT1.3.2Mandatory Lab1.3.3Review carefully * If no previous Packet Tracer experience, else strongly recommended

63 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 63

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