1. Prenatal Development Childhood Adolescence Adulthood

2. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Weeks Since Conception 91216202428323638 Full Term The prenatal period extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy. A great deal of important development occurs before birth.

3. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Stages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The germinal stage lasts from conception to about 2 weeks. During this stage, rapid cell division occurs, and the mass of cells migrates to the uterus and beings to implant into the uterine wall, forming a placenta during the implantation process.

4. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood The embryonic stage lasts from 2 weeks to 2 months and is the period when most of the vital organs and bodily systems such as the heart, spine, and brain emerge. The embryonic period is a time of great vulnerability; if anything interferes (drugs, alcohol, stress) with development during this time period, effects can be devastating.

5. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood

6. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Maternal Nutrition

7. Maternal Drug Use Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood SMOKING Miscarriage or still birth Attention Deficits/hyperactivity Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ALCOHOL USE/ABUSE Small head Heart Defects Irritability Hyperactivity Retarded mental and motor development

8. Does environment or culture effect motor development?

9. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Harry Harlow Attachment – close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers http://www.you tube.com/watc h?v=FM7fT4J LJ7Y

10. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood John Bowlby Evolutionary Theorists Say: Infants are programmed by evolution to exhibit endearing behavior—such as smiling, cooing, and clinging—that triggers an affectionate, protective response from adults. Cognitive abilities are prewired into neural makeup of humans (born with certain IQ)

11. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Mary Ainsworth One of Bowlby’s colleagues, Mary Ainsworth, eventually showed that attachments vary in character. Ainsworth developed a method called the strange situation procedure to assess the quality of attachment between 1-2-year-old infants and their caregivers. The strange situation procedure puts infants through a series of short separations from and reunions with their caregivers. As a result, Ainsworth concluded that attachment falls into three patterns: secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant.

12. Separation Anxiety Separation anxiety - anxiety is emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment. Usually begins 6-8 months of age http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRN5_p48nXk

13. Types of Attachment Different types of attachment form due to different child rearing practices Secure - is marked by distress when separated from caregivers and are joy when the caregiver returns Avoidant - tend to avoid parents or caregivers. When offered a choice, these children will show no preference between a caregiver and a complete stranger Anxious-ambivalent - children usually become very distressed when a parent leaves and then are not consoled upon their return. This attachment style is considered relatively uncommon, affecting an estimated 7-15% of U.S. children http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DH1m_ZMO7GU

14. Performance of Infants 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 United StatesGermanyJapan Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Secure Avoidant Anxious/ Ambivalent

15. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Number of Words in Vocabulary 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 160 180 140 1415171618192021222324 Age (Months) Child A Child B Child C Receptive Vocabulary – the words an infant UNDERSTANDS

16. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Children begin to combine words into sentences near the end of their second year. Telegraphic speech consists mainly of content words; articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are omitted. By the end of their third year, most children can express complex ideas such as the plural or the past tense, although still with mistakes, such as overregularization - when grammatical rules are generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply.

17. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Erik Erikson

18. EIGHT stages of psychosocial crisis Infant: birth -1 yrs Toddler: 1 to 2 yrs Preschooler: 2 to 6 yrs Grade-schooler: 6 to 12 yrs Teenager: 12 to 18 yrs Young Adult: 19 to 40 yrs Middle-age: 40 to 65 yrs Late Adult: 65 to death FLAW with Erik Erickson’s – stage theory – pays little attention to individual differences!

20. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Jean Piaget

21. 2 Thru 7 Years7 Thru 11 YearsBirth Thru 2 Years Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Sensorimotor Period Coordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object permanence Preoperational Period Development of Symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, Centration, and egocentrism Concrete Operational Period Mental operations applied to concrete events – Tangible (can be seen, touched…; mastery of conservation, hierarchical classification Age 11 Thru Adulthood Formal Operational Period Mental operations applied to abstract ideas - does not have a physical example in the real world ; logical, systematic thinking FLAW with Piaget’s stages – underestimates importance of environmental factors and social situations while overestimating maturation (development)

22. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Lawrence Kohlberg In moral dilemmas, Kohlberg wanted to know not what you would do but why you would do it. Ex: why do you drive the speed limit? a.you don’t want to get caught speeding b.if you go a year without a ticket your insurance will go down c.your parents would be disappointed in you for speeding d.it is the law e.it is the right thing to do b/c otherwise someone could get hurt f.It is the right thing to do b/c you want other’s to do the same so no one gets hurt

23. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Conventional Level Postconventional Level Preconventional Level Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Punishment Orientation Right and wrong is determined by what is punished Naive Reward Orientation Right and wrong is determined by what is rewarded Concrete Operational Period Good Boy/ Good Girl Orientation Right and wrong is determined by close others’ approval or disapproval Right and wrong is determined by society’s rules, and laws, which should be obeyed rigidly Authority Orientation Right and wrong is determined by society’s rules, which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute Social Contract Orientation Right and wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equity and Justice Individual Principles and Conscience Orientation Stage 5 Stage 6

24. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood

25. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Prefrontal Cortex The prefrontal cortex is the last portion of the brain to mature. It controls planning, complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior. Allow thoughts and actions to be in line with internal goals (i.e. you are sitting in class right now so you can get a good job) This is why adolescents do dangerous things!

26. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Stage 5 Adolescence Identity Versus Confusion Who am I and where am I going?

27. Crisis Present Absent Present Identity Achievement (successful achievement of a sense of identity) Identity Foreclosure (unquestioning adoption of parental or societal values) Identity Moratorium (active struggling for a sense of identity) Identity Foreclosure (absence of struggle for identity with no obvious concern about it) Commitment Occurrence of crisis and commitment = Moratorium (maturity) and achievement increasing with age.

28. Prenatal Development ChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Characteristics of emerging adulthood Optimism about the future Identity formation Self-focused time

29. Aging So, why do adults get happier as they age? - Speed in learning, solving problems and processing info declines - Memory losses associated with normal aging are moderate - Small decrease in average intelligence after 60

30. Aging What happens after 74? Health declines - Alzheimer’s disease – NOT a normal part of aging! a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease causes 50 to 80 percent of dementia cases