2. Topic :-Petroleum and Natural gas

3. NamePEN Panchal Abhi140490105001 Singh Ayush140490105004 Mahant Shreyans140490105021 Patel Rasmin140490105039 Talaviya Milan140490105055 Guided by : Anish Solanki

4.  Petroleum, in one form or another, has been used since ancient times, and is now important across society, including in economy, politics and technology.  The rise in importance was due to the invention of the internal combustion engine, the rise in commercial aviation, and the importance of petroleum to industrial organic chemistry, particularly the synthesis of plastics, fertilizers, solvents, adhesives and pesticides.

5.  An oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural gas dissolved in it. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered (or burned) as associated gas or solution gas.  The proportion of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture varies greatly among different oil fields, ranging from as much as 97 percent by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50 percent in the heavier oils and bitumens.

6.  The proportion of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture varies greatly among different oil fields, ranging from as much as 97 percent by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50 percent in the heavier oils and bitumens

7.  Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to temperature at which one or more fractions of the compound will vaporize.  Generally the component parts boil at less than 25 °C from each other under a pressure of one atmosphere.  If the difference in boiling points is greater than 25 °C, a simple distillation is used.

8.  Cracking is the process where by complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors.  Cracking is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkenes and alkenes.

9.  Simply put, hydrocarbon cracking is the process of breaking a long-chain of hydrocarbons into short ones.

10.  Measure of the ignition quality of gas (gasoline or petrol).  Higher this number, the less susceptible is the gas to 'knocking' when burnt in a standard (spark-ignition internal combustion) engine.

11.  Octane number denotes the percentage (by volume) of iso-octane (a type of octane) in a combustible mixture (containing iso-octane and normal-heptane) whose 'anti- knocking' characteristics match those of the gas being tested.

12.  Cetane number is actually a measure of a fuel's ignition delay.  This is the time period between the start of injection and start of combustion (ignition) of the fuel.  In a particular diesel engine, higher cetane fuels will have shorter ignition delay periods than lower cetane fuels.