1. Language Families

2. A group of languages descended from a single, earlier tongue

4. a. Indo-European 1)Largest and most wide-spread language family 2)Spoken by about 50% of the world(7 of the top 10 languages spoken in the world today are part of the Indo-European family)

7. a) Slavic: Bulgarian, Czech, Polish, Russian, etc.

8. b) Germanic: English, German, Dutch, Danish, Scandinavian

9. c) Romance: Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Romanian

11. d) Celtic: Irish, Gaelic, Welsh

12. e) Iranian: Persian (Farsi), Kurdish, Dari

13. f) Indian: Sanskrit, Bengali, Hindi/Urdu

14. b. Sino-Tibetan 1) Dominant in China and parts of SE Asia 2) Approximately 20% of the world speak a Sino-Tibetan language

16. 3) Includes Chinese 1.Largest number of native speakers in the world 2.75% speak Mandarin (Han) Chinese, the rest speak a variation of dialects

17. c. Niger-Congo 1) Dominant in sub- Saharan Africa 2) Includes Zulu, Bantu, and Swahili

18. d. Afro-Asiatic 1) Semitic: Arabic, Hebrew, and Amharic (East Africa) 2) Hamitic: minority languages in North and East Africa

19. e. Altaic 1) Dominant in North/Central Asia 2) Includes Turkic and Mongolic languages 3) Japanese/Korean possibly part of Altaic family, but disputed

21. f. Uralic 1) Dominant in Northern Europe and Russia 2) Includes Finnish and Hungarian

23. g. Austro-Asiatic 1) Mainly in SE Asia 2) Includes Vietnamese and Cambodian

24. h. Austronesian 1) Languages of the islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans 2) Includes Malay-Indonesian and Polynesian

27. a. Second largest spoken language (after Chinese)

28. b. History of English 1) Earliest known language in the British Isles was Celtic (around 2000 BC) 2) Angles and Jutes from Denmark, and Saxons from Germany invaded around 450 AD; Angles language was known as englisc (why English is a Germanic, not Romance, language)

30. History of English (cont’d) 3) Vikings invaded around 900, adding words to the language 4) The Norman Conquest of 1066 established French as the official language in Britain for 300 years => English became a mix of Germanic languages and French 5) In 1362 Parliament changed official language to English

31. c. English speakers are distributed around the world because the language was diffused as the English created colonies worldwide => English is official language of most former colonies

32. 1) 17 th Century: North America, Ireland 2) 18 th Century: South Asia, South Pacific 3) 19 th Century: Africa

34. d. Modern diffusion of English 1) Franglais: The widespread use of English in the French language 2) Spanglish: A combination of Spanish and English used by Hispanics in the United States and spread through pop culture

37. Linguistic Landscapes a.Show the local dominant language(s) b.Often send political messages

38. 1) Turkey not allowing the Kurdish language to be used in music, TV, or books

40. 2) Quebec attempting to eradicate the use of English within its borders

41. 3) Gang-related graffiti to mark turf (can written language have dialects?)

42. 4) Toponyms: Place names that record of language, history, values, and heroes of sequential inhabitants in a region