1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Chapter 10 Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Early Development of Greek Society Minoan Society  Island of Crete  Major city: Knossos C. 2200 BCE center of maritime trade Undeciphered syllabic alphabet (Linear A)

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Decline of Minoan Society Series of natural disasters after 1700 BCE  Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tidal waves Foreign invasions Foreign domination by 1100 BCE  By Mycenaeans

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mycenaean Society Indo-european invaders descended into Peloponnesus, c. 2200 BCE  Influenced by Minoan culture Major settlement: Mycenae  Military expansion throughout region

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Chaos in the Eastern Mediterranean Trojan war, c. 1200 BCE  Homer’s The Iliad  Sequel: The Odyssey Political turmoil, chaos from 1100 to 800 BCE Mycenaean civilization disappeared

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Polis City-state  Urban center surrounded by agriculture Highly independent  Monarchies  Early Democracies  Oligarchies  Aristocracies “Tyrannies”, not necessarily oppressive

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Sparta Highly militarized society developed  to control threat of rebellion Subjugated peoples:  helots (slaves)  serfs (tied to land) outnumbered Spartans 10:1 by 6 th c. BCE little innovation

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Spartan Society Austerity the norm Boys removed from families at age seven  Received military training in barracks  Active military service followed Marriage, but no home life until age 30 Some relaxation of discipline by 4 th c. CE

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Athens Development of early democracy  Freedom & voting for adult males only  Women, slaves excluded

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Athenian Society Maritime trade brought prosperity  starting in 7 th c. BCE Aristocrats dominate smaller landholders Increasing socio-economic tensions  Class conflict

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Solon and Athenian Democracy Aristocrat Solon mediates crisis  Aristocrats kept large landholdings  But forgave debts, banned debt slavery Opened participation in public life  Instituted paid civil service

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Pericles Ruled 461-429 BCE Greek’s “Golden Age”  High point of Athenian democracy Aristocracy but popular  Massive public works  Encouraged cultural development

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Greek Colonization Population expansion drove colonization  Coastal Mediterranean, Black sea Sicily (Syracuse; Archimedes) Naples: “nea polis,” new city) Southern France (Massalia: Marseilles) Anatolia Southern Ukraine

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Classical Greece and the Mediterranean basin, 800-500 B.C.E.

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Effects of Greek Colonization Trade throughout region Communication of ideas  Language, culture Political, economic, and social effects

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Persian Wars (500-479 BCE) Revolt against Persian Empire 500 BCE in Ionia Athens supported with ships  Greek rebellion crushed by Darius 493 BCE Successor Xerxes  burned Athens but driven out

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Delian League Created Delian League for defense Led by Athens  Massive payments to Athens fueled Golden Age  Resented by other city states

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Peloponnesian War Civil war in Greece, 431-404 BCE  Led by Sparta vs. Athens  Athens forced to surrender  Bankrupt poleis Greece began its decline

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Kingdom of Macedon Frontier region north of Greece King Philip II (r. 359-336 BCE)  built massive military  Conquered Greek city-states by 338 BCE  Along with son, Alexander

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Alexander's empire, ca. 323 B.C.E.

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Alexander the Great Conquered Anatolia, Egypt, Persia to Indus River  prompted unification of Mauryan empire  United Greek, Egyptian, & Persian cultures Created Hellenism  Alexandria, Egypt the hub

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Hellenistic Empires After Alexander’s death, competition for empire Divided by generals  Antigonus: Greece and Macedon  Ptolemy: Egypt  Seleucus: Persian Achaemenid Empire Economic integration, Intellectual cross-fertilization

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Ptolemaic Empire - Egypt Wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires Established state monopolies  Textiles  Salt  Beer Capital: Alexandria  Important port city  Major museum, library

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Seleucid Empire Massive colonization of Greeks Export of Greek culture as far east as India  Bactria  Ashoka legislated in Greek and Aramaic

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Trade in the Mediterranean Basin Greece:  little grain  rich in olives and grapes Colonies further trade Commerce was basis of economy  not agriculture

26. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Panhellenic Festivals Useful for integrating far-flung colonies Olympic Games begin 776 BCE Sense of collective identity

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Patriarchal Society Women as goddesses, wives, prostitutes Limited exposure in public sphere Sparta was exception infanticide in Greek culture Slavery present, esp. in Sparta

28. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Greek Language Borrowed Phoenician alphabet  Added vowels Complex language  “middle” voice Allowed for communication of abstract ideas  Philosophy

29. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Socrates (470-399 BCE) The Socratic Method of questioning  Student: Plato Condemned on charges of immorality  Forced to drink hemlock

30. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Plato (430-347 BCE) Systematized Socratic thought The Republic  Parable of the Cave  Theory of Forms/Ideas

31. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Aristotle (389-322 BCE) Student of Plato Broke with Theory of Forms/Ideas Emphasis on empirical findings, reason Massive impact on western thought

32. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Greek Theology Polytheism Zeus principal god Religious cults  Oracle of Delphi  Eleusinian mysteries  The Bacchae  Rituals eventually domesticated

33. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Tragic Drama Evolved from public presentations of cultic rituals Major playwrights (5 th c. BCE)  Aeschylus  Sophocles  Euripides Comedy: Aristophanes  Lysistrata

34. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Hellenistic Philosophies Epicureans  Pleasure, distinct from Hedonists Skeptics  Doubted possibility of certainty in anything Stoics  Duty, virtue  Emphasis on inner peace  Popular in Rome