1. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Introduction to cadastral survey and mapping ALCO September 2009

2. Afghan Land Consulting Organization -Understand the concept of cadastre and its role in land administration -Review the main issues to be addressed when designing a cadastral survey and mapping system -Understand current trends and the Cadastre 2014 vision Objective of the lecture

3. Afghan Land Consulting Organization 1.Definition of a cadastre and its role in land administration 2.History of cadastre and land registration 3.Issues associated with designing a cadastral mapping system 4.Overview of measurement techniques 5.Overview of cadastral map content 6.The future: Cadastre 2014 7.Conclusions Content of the lecture

4. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Definition of a Cadastre (1/2) “ A parcel-based and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land. Cadastre usually includes a geometric description of parcels linked to other records describing the nature of interests, ownership or control over these, and often the value of the parcel and its improvements.” (International Federation of Surveyors, FIG 2005)

5. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Definition of a Cadastre (2/2) 1. were historically develop to collect land taxes (fiscal purpose) 2. are now widely adopted to support land registration (legal purpose) 3. are becoming a tool to improve land development (physical purpose) 4. typically consist of: -A cartographic inventory of property parcels indicating parcel boundaries and Unique Parcel Identifier (cadastral plans) -A register of interests (rights, restrictions, responsibilities) and interest holders (eg. owners) Cadastres …

6. Afghan Land Consulting Organization

7. Multipurpose Cadastre as a Component of Land Administration

8. Afghan Land Consulting Organization -Babylonian clay tablets 4000 BC History of cadastral survey and mapping (1/7)

9. Afghan Land Consulting Organization -Babylonian clay tablets 4000 BC -Egyptians 3000 BC Source: Land Registration and Cadastral Systems (Gerhard Larsson) History of cadastral survey and mapping (2/7)

10. Afghan Land Consulting Organization -Babylonian clay tablets 4000 BC -Egyptians 3000 BC -Italy 1600 BC Source: Land Registration and Cadastral Systems (Gerhard Larsson) History of cadastral survey and mapping (3/7)

11. Afghan Land Consulting Organization -Babylonian clay tablets 4000 BC -Egyptians 3000 BC -Italy 1600 BC -Roman cadastre 300 AD Source: http://orange.archeo-rome.com/ History of cadastral survey and mapping (4/7)

12. Afghan Land Consulting Organization -Babylonian clay tablets 4000 BC -Egyptians 3000 BC -Italy 1600 BC -Roman cadastre 300 AD -Napoleonic Cadastre 1807 AD History of cadastral survey and mapping (5/7)

13. Afghan Land Consulting Organization -Babylonian clay tablets 4000 BC -Egyptians 3000 BC -Italy 1600 BC -Roman cadastre 300 AD -Napoleonic Cadastre 1807 AD -Computerized cadastre 1980 AD History of cadastral survey and mapping (6/7)

14. Afghan Land Consulting Organization -Babylonian clay tablets 4000 BC -Egyptians 3000 BC -Italy 1600 BC -Roman cadastre 300 AD -Napoleonic Cadastre 1807 AD -Computerized cadastre 1980 AD -Cadastre 2014 History of cadastral survey and mapping (7/7)

15. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Issues: information carrier and conservation -clay tablet -marble stone -animal skin -paper -microfilm -database Any carrier is vulnerable to degradation and destruction Requires protection against weathering, loss, fire, etc. -weathering -loss -fire, etc.

16. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Issues: General vs. Fixed boundaries -A general boundary is demarcated by natural or manmade features: wall, fence, ditch, edge of wadi, hedge, etc. -Boundary lines are inaccurate and indicative General boundaries are indicative but easy to establish  Combination of “general” and “fixed” -A fixed boundary is an invisible line defined geometrically through an accurate survey (eg. “metes and bounds”) -Boundary lines are accurate and, generally, legal Fixed boundaries are accurate but difficult to establish

17. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Example of General Boundaries

18. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Example of Fixed Boundaries

19. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Issues: projection and distortion -Maps are flat representations of the earth surface, which is spheroidal -Maps require the choice of a projection to transform latitude and longitude into metric coordinates (more convenient) -Every projection induces geometric distortion which varies according to latitude and longitude -Scale factor quantifies the distortion (eg. 0.9996) Cadastral mapping results in distortion  Choose projection to minimize distortion

20. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Issues: Parcel numbering system -1, 2, 3, … within a particular cadastral province, district, section,… Hierarchical sequential numbering (most common) KA – CH – 04 - 0235 Kabul Province Charasyab District Cadastral Section 4 Parcel 235 -“Intelligent” combination of Easting and Northing to create a unique identifier Coordinate locator numbering (mostly in the US) E 2,511,064 ft N 521,308 ft 20 – 5512 – 11 – 0360 - 48 MapBlockParcel  uniqueness, simplicity, permanency, ease of maintenance

21. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Issues: Land value and survey accuracy Accuracy and costs are exponentially correlated -Urban cadastre requires higher accuracy (centimetric to submetric) -Rural cadastre requires lower accuracy (metric to decametric)  Costs must be balanced against benefits The higher the land value, the more accurate the survey

22. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Measurement techniques base A B C D E β α γ θ ω 1.Triangulation

23. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Measurement techniques 1.Triangulation 2.Distance and Bearing A B C D E Distance: 12.46 m Azimuth: 32.4567º Distance: 28.94 m Azimuth: 312.1912º Distance: 6.95 m Azimuth: 201.8265º Distance: 7.12 m Azimuth: 199.3726º Distance: 32.19 m Azimuth: 103.9827º

24. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Measurement techniques 1.Triangulation 2.Distance and Bearing 3.Photogrammetry A B C D E

25. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Measurement techniques 1.Triangulation 2.Distance and Bearing 3.Photogrammetry 4.Global positioning A B C D E

26. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Cadastral parcels are dynamic Land subdivision: “Act of dividing one land parcel into smaller parcels for the purpose of sale, development or bequeathing” Land consolidation: “Act of regrouping small land parcels into a larger parcel for the purpose of development, administration efficiency, or nature protection”

27. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Typical cadastral map content -Property parcel boundaries -Geodetic control monuments -Easements and right-of-ways (roads) -Building footprints -Administrative boundaries (general and cadastral) Spatial information -Property identifier -Property address -Surveyor identifier -Datum and coordinate reference system and Disclaimer Textual information

28. Afghan Land Consulting Organization “Cadastre 2014” -Vision developed by the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG, Denmark) -Most of existing cadastres only record few of the many private and public rights and restrictions that affect a particular tract of land => insecurity -Six statements issued in 1998

29. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Cadastre 2014: Statement 1 “Cadastre 2014 shows the complete legal situation of land, including public rights and restrictions.” Private ownership parcel Traditional grazing rights Area earmarked for eminent domain Water rights Building restrictions

30. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Cadastre 2014: Statement 2 “The separation between maps and registers is abolished”

31. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Cadastre 2014: Statements 3 & 4 “Cadastral Mapping is replaced by Modelling” (Statement 3) Land Parcel depicted on a Map Land Object stored in an Information System Current situationFuture situation - Uneasy to store, update and distribute - A parcel is only defined geometrically - Maps and registers are physically separated - Finding a land owner is time-consuming - Easy to store, update and distribute - Geometry is one attribute only of the land - Maps and registers are integrated - Finding a landowner is quasi-instantaneous “Paper and pencil are gone” (Statement 4)

32. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Cadastre 2014: Statement 5 “Cadastre 2014 is highly privatized. Public and private sectors are working closely together.” -Most operational functions (capital intensive) are transferred to the private sector -The public sector concentrates on standardization, supervision and control functions -The legal and financial liability in case of errors is shared

33. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Cadastre 2014: Statement 6 “Cadastre 2014 is cost recovering.” -Cadastral systems require considerable investments plus running costs which are recovered by fees paid by land dealing parties, not by taxes. -Cadastral systems are designed in a way that fees to be paid reflect the capacity and willingness of parties to pay -There is a controlling mechanism to monitor the real costs and benefits generated by the cadastral system

34. Afghan Land Consulting Organization Conclusions