1. Organisational structure THE TIMES 100

2. Internal structure of firms In small firms: Each worker may undertake a range of roles The structure may be informal and fluid As firms grow bigger: The roles and responsibilities of each worker must become clearer A more formal structure is necessary

3. THE TIMES 100 Workforce roles Leadership & managerial roles include: SupervisorsHave one or more lower grade workers reporting directly to them Team leadersSupport a group of workers within a firm ManagersManage particular areas of a business DirectorsAppointed by shareholders to run the business on their behalf

4. THE TIMES 100 Functional areas A function is the specific job of a person or department. The main functional areas in organisations are: Finance Human resources Sales & marketing Production and operations

5. THE TIMES 100 Organisation charts Board of directors HR Manager 4 HR Officers Finance Manager 6 Accounts Clerks Operations Director Factory A Manager 3 Quality controllers 20 Factory workers Factory B Manager 2 Quality controllers 15 Factory workers Marketing Manager 8 Sales Reps

6. THE TIMES 100 Organisation structure Organisation charts - pictorial representations of the job roles and lines of responsibility within a business. Hierarchy – an organisation structured in layers, with those at the top having greater authority than workers in lower levels

7. THE TIMES 100 Organisation structure Span of control – the number of workers one manager is directly responsible for Chain of command – the line down which instructions are passed through the layers in the hierarchy

8. THE TIMES 100 Tall organisations These have: Many layers Small spans of control Characteristics of tall organisations: High levels of control (appropriate for unskilled workers) More opportunities for promotion Poor communication as information has to pass through the many layers

9. THE TIMES 100 Flat organisations Flat organisations have: Few layers Large spans of control Characteristics of flat organisations: Low levels of control (suitable for skilled, experienced & motivated workers) Better communication Managers must delegate work due to larger spans of control, motivating employees

10. THE TIMES 100 De-layering De-layering involves removing one or more layers of middle managers De-layering can: Cut the costs of paying many managers Improve communication Empower the remaining workers if they are given extra responsibilities X Result in a loss of experienced, skilled managers

11. THE TIMES 100 Matrix structures Matrix structures use a project-based approach to organisational design Project teams are made up of representatives from the different functional areas Matrix teams run alongside the traditional functional structure

12. THE TIMES 100 Matrix structures Advantages of matrix structures Drawback of matrix structures Staff from all departments can work on the project, leading to quick decision- making Workers may be able to use their skills and abilities better Split loyalties as workers have both project team leaders and their functional managers Administration of matrix management can be more expensive

13. THE TIMES 100 Centralisation Authority for decision-making remains with senior managers Benefits of centralisationDrawbacks of centralisation Firms can benefit from economies of scale Local differences may not be taking into account Ensures the activities throughout the business fit with the organisation’s objectives Employees cannot use their knowledge of working at the ‘coalface’ Quick decisions can be made by managers who are skilled at decision making Workers may become de- motivated

14. THE TIMES 100 Decentralisation Authority for decision-making is delegated down the hierarchy Benefits of decentralisationDrawbacks of decentralisation Staff are empowered to make decisions which may be motivating A consistent corporate message may not be delivered throughout the firm Local conditions can be considered when making decisions Fewer chances of benefiting from economies of scale The experience of all workers is utilised Workers down the hierarchy may be less skilled at decision-making

15. THE TIMES 100 Flexible workforces Flexibility can be gained by using: Core & peripheral workers OutsourcingHome-working Core workers: Usually full time and permanent Know the firm well Typically managers & specialists Peripheral workers: Bought in only when needed Employed on a temporary basis Business functions are provided by other specialist organisations, e.g. cleaning firms. May be more cost effective than carrying out these functions in-house. Employees work from home Usually relies on the use of advanced technology and communication Provides flexibility to both workers and their employers

16. THE TIMES 100 Organisational structure in context

17. THE TIMES 100 Organisational structure Using the organisation chart in the Specsavers case study to demonstrate your answers, define the terms: Hierarchy Delegate Chain of command Span of control

18. THE TIMES 100 Centralisation at Specsavers Specsavers uses a joint venture approach. Business owners buy into the Specsavers brand in order to run Specsavers stores. Explain how the business owners benefit from the centralisation of some activities. Use the Specsavers case study to help you

19. THE TIMES 100 Decentralisation at Specsavers Why is it important that there is some decentralisation within Specsavers? Use the case study to help you

20. THE TIMES 100 Job roles at Specsavers There are a wide range of both professional and support roles within Specsavers. Explain what is meant by a job description and explain what is likely to be listed in a job description for either an Optometrist or an Optical Assistant. Use the case study to help you

21. THE TIMES 100 Useful resources Organisational structure lesson suggestions and activities (The Times 100) Specsavers case study (The Times 100) Specsavers website