2. The Kuleshov Effect

3. The Kuleshov Effect is a film editing (montage) effect demonstrated by Russian filmmaker Lev Kuleshov in the 1910s and 1920s.film editingmontageLev Kuleshov

4. Kuleshov edited together a short film in which a shot of a expressionless face was alternated with various other shots (a plate of soup, a girl, a little girl's coffin). The film was shown to an audience who believed that the expression on Mozzhukhin's (the actor’s) face was different each time he appeared, depending on whether he was "looking at" the plate of soup, the girl, or the coffin, showing an expression of hunger, desire or grief respectively.

6. Actually the footage of Mozzhukhin was the same shot repeated over and over again. Vsevolod Pudovkin (who later claimed to have been the co-creator of the experiment) described in 1929 how the audience "raved about the acting.... the heavy pensiveness of his mood over the forgotten soup, were touched and moved by the deep sorrow with which he looked on the dead child, and noted the lust with which he observed the woman. But we knew that in all three cases the face was exactly the same."1 Vsevolod Pudovkin1

7. Kuleshov used the experiment to indicate the usefulness and effectiveness of film editing. The implication is that viewers brought their own emotional reactions to this sequence of images, and then moreover attributed those reactions to the actor, investing his impassive face with their own feelings.

8. Kuleshov demonstrated the necessity of considering montage as the basic tool of cinema art. montage In Kuleshov's view, the cinema consists of fragments and the assembly of those fragments, the assembly of elements which in reality are distinct. It is therefore not the content of the images in a film which is important, but their combination. The raw materials of such an art work need not be original, but are pre-fabricated elements which can be disassembled and re-assembled by the artist into new juxtapositions.

9. The montage experiments carried out by Kuleshov in the late 1910s and early 1920s formed the theoretical basis of Soviet montage cinema, culminating in the famous films of the late 1920s by directors such as Sergei Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin and Dziga Vertov, among others. These films included The Battleship Potemkin, October, Mother, The End of St. Petersburg, and The Man with a Movie Camera.Sergei EisensteinVsevolod PudovkinDziga Vertov The Battleship PotemkinOctoberMotherThe End of St. PetersburgThe Man with a Movie Camera

10.  The arrangement and assembly of footage, both picture and sound  Governs the relations between shots and between scenes  Helps control emphasis on person, setting, or object CUT vs. SPLICE (separate film) (join film)

11.  Rapid juxtaposition of shots to create a new meaning in viewer’s mind  Sequence: dead woman/actor/child/ actor/soup/ actor  actor got rave reviews even though it was the same shot each time  Principle developed from Russian Montage Tradition  Alfred Hitchcock explains montage / Kuleshov Effect:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96xx383lpiI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96xx383lpiI

12.  It’s also called “invisible” editing because it doesn’t call attention to itself  Creates seamless continuity in the establishment and resolution of a problem

13. what happens on screen makes sense action occupies central zone of screen lighting is constant from shot to shot time, space, and causality are continuous graphic, rhythmic, spatial, and temporal relations are maintained rhythm varies according to kinds of shots screen direction remains continuousEx:  Edwin S. Porter (The Great Train Robbery)  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oTdPklBE0Y https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oTdPklBE0Y  D.W. Griffith (Birth of a Nation)  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQe5ShxM2DI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQe5ShxM2DI  OVERVIEW OF EDITING TYPES…  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uahjH2cspk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uahjH2cspk

14. Keeps viewer spatially oriented action within a scene will advance along a straight line across the frame camera will shoot consistently on one side of that actionCLIPS: 180 Degree Rule: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y 4wX_dmh8_g https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y 4wX_dmh8_g

15.  More fragmented  Shots > scenes  Moments > real-time fluidity  Poetic expression > realistic interpretation  Conspicuous editing > “invisible” editing  Joining shot A and shot B to create a meaning not present in each shot alone  French New Wave filmmakers (1960’s) liked it CLIPS: Battleship Potemkin, Memento https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laJ_1P-Py2k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=822qdKqae1A

16. The Piano  Spatial, temporal, and visual relationships between shots  The Piano Run Lola Run, Raiders of the Lost Ark  Rhythm  Run Lola Run, Raiders of the Lost Ark Psycho, Silence of the Lambs  Mood  Psycho, Silence of the Lambs  Ellipsis – omission between one thing and another Silence of the Lambs  Separation editing – cuts between 2 or more characters involved in actions at the same time  Silence of the Lambs Rushmore  Patterns  Rushmore  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaVjwln0kEs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaVjwln0kEs The Birds  Slow disclosure – shots A to B to C gradually reveal elements of a scene  The Birds  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydLJtKlVVZw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydLJtKlVVZw

17.  Establishing shot – a.k.a. cover shot or master  POV editing (The Godfather)  Cross-cutting – a.k.a. parallel montage (The Godfather)  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8KoYmZ6b5Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8KoYmZ6b5Q  Shot/Reverse shot - conversations (Breathless)  Jump cut – ellipsis caused by removal of film (Breathless)  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ov4mQJIHhc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ov4mQJIHhc  Match cut- General term for cut that creates sense of continuity between shots.

18. Types of match cuts: Match-on-action – Cut in the middle of an action & changes to a different set up Accentuates sense of continuity 2001; Lawrence of Arabia Stylized effect 2001; Lawrence of Arabia Graphic match cut Shape, color, or texture of objects match across the edit 2001; Indiana Jones; Lawrence of Arabia 2001; Indiana Jones; Lawrence of Arabia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bS_mprTQbzc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bS_mprTQbzc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bS_mprTQbzc Eyeline-match cut Joins shot A of a person looking off screen with shot B of what s/he is looking at Vertigo (Also a graphic match cut) Vertigo (Also a graphic match cut) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-kcczAff40 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-kcczAff40 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-kcczAff40

19. Transitions:  Fade-in & fade-out  Dissolve- shot B, superimposed, gradually replaces shot A  Used for ellipsis in time or flashback/flashforward  Wipe – vertical or horizontal Star Wars  Think serials and Star Wars  Iris-in – starts with small circle in the frame and expands to reveal shot  Iris-out – reverse the iris-in

20.  Freeze-frame  highlights a frame  Split-screen  uh, splits the screen Mean Girls (2004)  Montage  sequence of shots that show a condensed series of events (bracket syntagma)  Various Examples of Cuts and Editing Techniques:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAH0MoAv2CI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAH0MoAv2CI

21. 1)Dailies (or rushes) during shooting 2)Workprint or digital video transfer 3)Selects (the chosen takes) used to create assembly edit (shots in basic order) 4)Rough cut- like a first draft 5)Fine cut- fine tuned 6)Final cut - insert sound tracks, & special effects 7)Locked print – no more changes 8)Negative cut/answer print – lab tweaks 9)Final print - tada! 10)Release prints – in theaters 11)Cutting continuity script – the final record of the film’s form and content

22. How does Director Alfred Hitchcock use editing, such as focusing on circular images like a drain or Marion Crane’s (Janet Leigh’s) eye, in the film Psycho (1960)? In what ways does this editing present a scene creatively and symbolically rather than in a more obvious way? What editing techniques is Alfred Hitchcock using in this scene from the movie; Psycho? With a partner, identify and discuss at least three, using the guiding questions above… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VP5jEAP3K4