1. 20082468 김소현 20082484 오은혜 20082492 이은주

2. Contents 1. The background of the American Renaissance 2. Vocabularies 3. Transcendentalism 4. Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau 5. Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville Edgar Allan Poe 6. Amusing Information 7. Reference

3. Vocabularies Intellectual : a person who uses the mind creatively Conservative : opposed to liberal reforms Patriotism : love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it Nudist : a person who practices nudity for reasons of health or religion Unitarianism: referring to belief in the unity of God and rejection of the doctrine of the Trinity. / a Christian holding this belief. allegory : an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor abolitionist: a reformer who favors abolishing slavery unpardonable: Not to be forgiven; that cannot be pardoned or remitted; as an unpardonable sin.

4. The background of the American Renaissance In the 1830s and 1840s, the frontier of American society was quickly moving toward the west. Writers began to look at the western frontier for ideas for a literature about American life. At this time, Boston and its neighboring towns and villages were filled with intellectual excitement and activity. And since 1826, traveling lecturers had been bringing knowledge about culture and science to both the city and the New England countryside. Among the younger people, there was much talk about the "new spiritual era". The young intellectuals of Boston were dissatisfied with the old patriotism. They weren't interested in America's power and wealth. They wanted to explore the inner life. They studied the Greek, German and Indian philosophers. Many kept diaries about their lives and feelings. At that time, many of the works most widely considered American masterpieces were produced. In the center of this activity were Transcendentalists. However there were also writers who were not Transcendentalist.

5. Transcendentalism: Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. It is sometimes called American transcendentalism to distinguish it from other uses of the word transcendental. Transcendentalism began as a protest against the general state of culture and society, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard and the doctrine of the Unitarian church taught at Harvard Divinity School. Among transcendentalists' core beliefs was an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions. Transcendentalists: They formed a movement of feelings and beliefs rather than a system of philosophy. They rejected both the conservative Puritanism of their ancestors and the newer, liberal faith of Unitarianism. They saw both religions as "negative, cold, and lifless". Although they respected Christ for the wisdom of his teaching, they thought great writers' works or great philosophers as equally important. They tried to find the truth through feeling and intuition rather than through logic. However they divided into two groups: those interested in social reform, and those who were more interested in the individual.

6. Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, philosopher, and poet, best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the early 19th century. His teachings directly influenced the growing New Thought movement of the mid 1800s, while he was seen as a champion of individualism and prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society. He attacked the influence of tradition and the past, and called for a new burst of American creativity. To him, the word scholar did not refer to the man of "book learning", but to the original thinker. Such a man knows himself through intuition and the study of nature, not of books. Also, he was an enormously popular lecturer. He wrote his journals and developed them into lectures and rewrote them into essays. Not only that, he helped open American poetry to new possibilities. He felt that the form of a poem should grow out of its thought and poetry did not always have to produce pleasant sounds. He also introduced the nation to entirely new poetic material. Ralph Waldo Emerson

7. Nature- Nature is a short essay published anonymously in 1836. It is in this essay that the foundation of transcendentalism is put forth, a belief system that espouses a non-traditional appreciation of nature. Recent advances in zoology, botany, and geology confirmed Emerson's intuitions about the intricate relationships of Nature at large. This is the clearest statement of Transcendentalist ideas. In it he stated that man should not see nature merely as something to be used; that man's relationship with nature transcends the idea of usefulness. Self-Reliance- It contains the most solid and famous statement of one of Emerson's repeating themes, the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow his or her own instincts and ideas. Emerson's ideas are considered a reaction to a commercial identity; he calls for a return to individual identity.

8. Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American author, poet, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist. As a young man, he had been deeply influenced by reading Nature and he remained a pure Transcendentalist all his life. He and Emerson held many similar opinions. Like Emerson, Thoreau created his lectures and books from notes in his carefully kept journal. But what he wrote there was written in a far more lively style than Emerson's. Emerson wrote about nature in the abstract. Thoreau, however, was an experienced woodsman and his works are filled with details about plants, rivers and wildlife. Throughout the 1850s, he became interested in science and deeply interested in the Abolitionist movement. His home became a meeting place for anti-slavery groups. He was an active member of a group which helped slaves escape to freedom.

9. Civil Disobedience- Civil Disobedience (Resistance to Civil Government) is an essay that was first published in 1849 when he was in jail. It argues that people should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that people have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice. In1846, Thoreau was arrested and put in jail for one night because he had refused to pay his taxes. It was a protest against the U.S. government's acceptance of slavery in the South and its war with Mexico. Walden- Walden is an American classic. The work is part personal declaration of independence, social experiment, voyage of spiritual discovery, and manual for self reliance. In its own strange way, it is one of the greatest works of American literature. On the surface, it speaks only of the practical side of living alone in the woods, of the plants, animals and insects one finds there, and of the changing seasons. But in fact it is a completely Transcendentalist work. The author tries to live through the visible to the invisible, through the temporal to the eternal. He emphasizes the search for true wisdom. He thinks true enjoyment comes only when one throws off all unnecessary things. Walen is a hopeful book, encouraging people to lead sincere, joyful lives.

10. Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist and short story writer. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in 1804 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne and Elizabeth Clarke Manning Hathorne. Much of Hawthorne's writing centers around New England, many works featuring moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more specifically, dark romanticism. His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity. His published works include novels, short stories, and a biography of his friend Franklin Pierce.

11. The Scarlet Letter (1850) is a novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It is considered his magnum opus. Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who gives birth after committing adultery and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne explores themes of legalism, sin, and guilt. The Marble Faun (1860) was the last of the four major romances by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Writing on the eve of the American Civil War, Hawthorne set his story in a fantastical Italy. It was written when the author returned from a seven-year stay in Europe.

12. HERMAN MELVILLE Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist and poet. He is often classified as part of Dark romanticism. His first three books gained much attention, the first becoming a bestseller, but after a fast-blooming literary success in the late 1840s, his popularity declined precipitously in the mid-1850s and never recovered during his lifetime. When he died in 1891, he was almost completely forgotten (despite a vogue for his early sea novels in Great Britain in the 1880s), but his longest novel, Moby-Dick, won recognition in the 20th century as one of the chief literary masterpieces of both American and world literature.

13. Typee (1846; in full: Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life) is American writer Herman Melville's first book, partly based on his actual experiences as a captive on Nuku Hiva (which Melville spelled as Nukuheva) in the South Pacific Marquesas Islands and the title comes from a valley there called Tai Pi Vai. It was Melville's most popular work during his lifetime; for 19th century readers his career seemed to go downhill afterwards, but during the early 20th century it was seen as just the beginning of a career that peaked with Moby-Dick (1851). Moby-Dick is a classic novel written in 1851 by American author Herman Melville. Originally misunderstood by contemporary audiences and critics, Moby-Dick is now often referred to as "The Great American Novel" and is considered one of the treasures of world literature. And Moby-Dick, perhaps the greatest novel of American literature. Equally important was the encouragement Hawthorn gave Melville while he was writing it.

14. EDGAR ALLAN POE Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective-fiction genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.

15. MS. Found in a Bottle"(1833) is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe. The plot follows an unnamed narrator at sea who finds himself in a series of harrowing circumstances. As he nears his own disastrous death while his ship drives ever southward, he writes a "MS." or manuscript telling of his adventures which he casts into the sea. Some critics believe the story was meant as a satire of typical sea tales. "The Fall of the House of Usher(1839)" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe, first published September 1839 in Burton's Gentleman's Magazine. It is best known of Poe’s tales. The story’s setting and its symbols reveal the character of the hero. It contains within it the poem "The Haunted Palace", which had earlier been published separately in the April 1839 issue of the Baltimore Museum magazine. Poetry "The Bells" is a heavily onomatopoeic poem by Edgar Allan Poe which was not published until after his death in 1849. It is perhaps best known for the diacopic repetition of the word "bells." The poem has four parts to it; each part becomes darker and darker as the poem progresses from "the jingling and the tinkling" of the bells in part 1 to the "moaning and the groaning" of the bells in part 4.

16. The differences between the novel and the movie

17. Moby - Dick

18. Annabel Lee

19. The Raven

20. Reference www.google.com www.britannica.com www.wikipedia.com www.youtube.com www.naver.com www.onelook.com An outline of American literature