1. Chapter 14 The Age of Reform (1820-1860) Section 1 Social Reform

2. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1-Polling QuestionSection 1-Polling Question What is the most important way to help improve a society? A.Education reform B.Banning alcohol C.Women’s rights D.Helping the poor and disabled

3. Chapter Time Line

5. Essential QuestionEssential Question How did religion influence the social reforms in the United States during the early and mid-1800s?

6. Religion Religious camp meetings (revivals) were common in the early 1800s Known as the Second Great Awakening This led to a new spirit of reform Brought changes to American religion, education, and literature utopiasSome reformers sought to improve society by forming utopias (Perfect society) Few were able to establish lasting communities (Mormons) They were founded on impractical ideas

7. A.A B.B C.C D.D Sec tion 1 Why did most utopias fail? A.It was too hard to implement the temperance movement. B.Many teachers lacked proper training. C.They did not take the needs of the disabled into consideration. D.They were founded on impractical ideas.

8. The Religious Influence Attending revivals made men and women eager to reform both their lives and the world Among these were people who wanted to ban alcohol temperanceLyman Beecher, a Connecticut minister, crusaded against the use of alcohol (temperance) lecturesBeecher and other reformers used lectures, pamphlets, and revival style rallies to warn people of the dangers of liquor temperance movementThe temperance movement led to some victories when Maine and other states passed laws banning to manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages Most of these laws were later repealed

9. Reforming Education In the mid-1850’s, most schools were poorly funded Teachers lacked training Restrictions were placed on who could attend schools (Girls and African Americans) Massachusetts lawyer Horace Mann called for educational reforms normal school1839- Massachusetts created the nation’s first state-supported normal school to train teachers

10. Reforming Education Continued During the age of reform, many new colleges and universities were created Most accepted only men Gradually, higher education became available to groups that had been denied the opportunity Oberlin College of Ohio was founded in 1833 Oberlin admitted both women and African Americans

11. People With Special Needs Some reformers focused on the problem of teaching people with disabilities Thomas Gallaudet developed a method to educate people who were hearing impaired Samuel Gridley Howe developed books with large raised letters to help the visually impaired Schoolteacher Dorothea Dix worked for prison reforms after seeing prisoners chained to walls She also found that some people were not guilty of crimes, but were mentally ill She made it her life’s work to educate the public about poor conditions for prisoners and the mentally ill

12. Cultural Trends Changes in American society also influenced art and literature American artists developed their own style and explored American themes starting in the 1820s transcendentalistsThe spirit of reform influenced the transcendentalists Stressed the relationship between humans and nature and the importance of the individual conscience The leading transcendentalists were Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau

13. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1Section 1 Which of the following was a major subject of transcendentalist literature? A.Realism B.The relationship between humans and nature and the importance of the individual conscience C.Anti-abolitionism D.The relationship between humans and technology and the importance of industrialism

14. Cultural Trends Continued Fuller supported women’s rights Emerson urged people to listen to the inner voice of conscience and to overcome prejudice civil disobedienceThoreau practiced civil disobedience by refusing to obey laws he considered unjust 1846 Thoreau went to jail rather than pay a tax to support the Mexican War Many American poets created great works (Henry Wadsworth, Walt Whitman, and Emily Dickinson) During this time, women were the authors of the most popular fiction Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin which explored the injustice of slavery

15. Essential QuestionEssential Question How did religion influence the social reforms in the United States during the early and mid-1800s? -Inspired people to reform their own lives and improve the ills of society Reformers wanted to restrict alcohol Better teacher training and school funding More colleges More access to education for women, African Americans, and people with special needs Better conditions for prisoners and the mentally ill

16. Chapter 14 Section 1 Quiz

17. Utopias are based on a vision of a perfect society. A.True B.False

18. Religious leaders fought for the freedom to drink alcohol. A.True B.False

19. In 1839 Massachusetts founded the first state-supported school to train teachers. A.True B.False

20. The roles of wife and mother were not roles that most parents wanted for their daughters. A.True B.False

21. During the 1820s American artists developed their own style and explored American themes. A.True B.False

22. Who opened Hartford School for the deaf in Connecticut in 1817? A.Samuel Gridley Howe B.Dorothea Dix C.Thomas Gallaudet D.Horace Mann

23. The first college in the United States to admit women and African Americans was A.Harvard. B.Ashmun Institute. C.Mount Holyoke. D.Oberlin College of Ohio.

24. Who was the schoolteacher who helped reform attitudes toward the mentally ill? A.Dorothea Dix B.Samuel Gridley Howe C.George Catlin D.Thomas Gallaudet

25. People who stressed the relationship between humans and nature and the importance of the individual conscience were called A.naturalists. B.transcendentalists. C.reformers. D.conscience- raisers.

26. What writer wrote about the injustice of slavery? A.Nathaniel Hawthorne B.Herman Melville C.Harriet Beecher Stowe D.Washington Irving

27. Chapter 14 The Age of Reform (1820-1860) Section 2 The Abolitionists

28. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2- Polling Question Rate your agreement with the following statement: Civil disobedience is appropriate when you feel a law is unjust. A.Strongly agree B.Somewhat agree C.Somewhat disagree D.Strongly disagree

29. Ess enti al Qu esti on How did abolitionists influence the antislavery movement?

30. Early Efforts to End Slavery AbolitionistsAbolitionists worked to abolish slavery Before the American Revolution, some Americans tried to limit or end slavery At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, delegates compromised and allowed each state decide whether to allow slavery By the early 1800s, slavery had ended in the Northern states, but continued in the South The reform movement gave new life to the antislavery movement The Quakers led many of the antislavery groups

31. American Colonization Society American Colonization SocietyThe American Colonization Society wanted to return African Americans to Africa and the Caribbean Formed in 1816 by a group of white Virginians- Bought their freedom and sent them abroad The first African American settled in Liberia (Latin for “place of freedom”) Between 1822 and 1865 between 12,000 and 20,000 African Americans settled in Liberia Despite their efforts, slavery grew during this time Most African Americans did not want to go to Africa because their families were here

32. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2Section 2 When and by whom was the American Colonization Society formed? A.In 1816 by abolitionists from Massachusetts B.In 1816 by white Virginians C.In 1820 by transcendentalists D.In 1820 by former enslaved African Americans.

33. The Movement Changes Reformers realized that the gradual approach to ending slavery had failed The number of enslaved persons increased because of the cotton boom in the Deep South Plantation owners became increasingly dependent on slave labor The slavery issue became the most pressing issue for reformers

34. William Lloyd Garrison Massachusetts abolitionist 1831- Start the antislavery newspaper, The Liberator One of the first white abolitionists to call for immediate freeing of enslaved people Started the New England Anti-Slavery Society and the American Anti-Slavery Society By 1838, the antislavery societies Garrison started had more than 1,000 chapters

35. Grimké Sisters Sarah and Angelina GrimkéSarah and Angelina Grimké Born into a wealthy slaveholding family Moved to the North and began to lecture and write against slavery They asked their mother for their inheritance, but not in money or land but in… Enslaved workers, whom they immediately freed The Grimké sisters and Angelina’s husband wrote American Slavery As It Is in 1839 Firsthand accounts of life under slavery One of the most powerful abolitionist publications of all time

36. African American Abolitionists Abolition of slavery was an important goal of free African Americans in the North Most African Americans in the North lived in poverty Excluded from jobs White mobs often attacked them Proud of their freedom, and many wanted to help those who were still enslaved

37. African American Abolitionists Continued Helped organize and direct the American Anti- Slavery Society Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm started the first African American newspaper, Freedom’s Journal David Walker-David Walker- born a free man in NC, went to Boston and challenged African Americans to rebel and overthrow slavery 1830- Free African Americans met in Philadelphia and encourages free African Americans to emigrate to Canada

38. Frederick Douglass Born enslaved in Maryland Taught himself to read and write and escaped in 1838 Even though he could be captured and returned he joined the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society Traveled to abolitionist meetings telling his powerful tale about his life as a slave Later became the editor of the antislavery newspaper North Star Traveled to London and the West Indies to speak to huge antislavery audiences Returned to the US to fight against slavery

39. Sojourner Truth “I was born a slave in Ulster County, New York”- Isabella Baumfree Lived in the cellar of a slaveholders house Escaped in 1826 and gained official freedom in 1827 when New York banned slavery Quaker friends helped her find her son who had been sold as a slave 1843 Isabella chose a new name: “The Lord [named] me Sojourner…Truth, because I was to declare the truth to the people” Worked with other abolitionists and traveled throughout the North speaking of her experiences as an enslaved person Also an active supporter of the women’s rights movement

40. Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad Some risked prison and death by helping African Americans escape slavery The network of escape routes from the South to the North was called the Underground Railroad “Passengers” traveled at night Rested at “stations” (Barns, basements, and attics) The railroad’s “conductors” were whites and African Americans who helped the runaways to freedom in Northern States and Canada Harriet Tubman was the most famous conductor (At least 70 people were freed) The Underground Railroad helped only a tiny fraction of the enslaved population But it gave hope to people who suffered under slavery and abolitionists a practical way to help enslaved African Americans

41. A.A B.B C.C D.D 2 Although the Underground Railroad was able to help only a small number of slaves, how did it empower the Abolitionist movement? A.It gave abolitionists a practical way to help enslaved African Americans. B.It helped raise money to buy freedom for slaves. C.It helped create a better railway system in the Southern United States. D.It helped to educate slaveholders. Section

42. Clashes Over Abolitionism Many Southerners opposed the idea of ending slavery (duh) Threatened the South’s way of life which depended on slave labor Only a small percentage of Northerners were abolitionists Many Northerners saw the Antislavery movement as a threat to the nation’s social order Many Northerners believed that once freed African Americans could not blend into American society Other Northerners feared that the abolitionists could begin a war between the North and South

43. Clashes Over Abolitionism Continued Many Northerners feared they would lose their jobs to emancipated workers who would work for less money Opposition to abolition sometimes became violent Philadelphia’s antislavery headquarters were burned Then a bloody riot resulted A Boston mob attacked and threatened to hang William Lloyd Garrison (Authorities put him in jail to save his life)

44. Elijah Lovejoy From Illinois Angry whites invaded his antislavery newspaper offices three times Each time Lovejoy installed new presses and resumed publication The fourth time the mob set the building on fire Lovejoy came out of the burning building and was shot and killed

45. The South Reacts Southerners defended slavery Said that slavery was essential to the Southern economy and allowed Southern whites to reach a high level of culture Southerners said they treated slaves well Southerners said Northern workers were worse off medicalThey said the system of slavery provided food, clothing, and medical care to its workers Many whites in the South believed that African Americans were better off under white care than on their own

46. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2Section 2 Which of the following arguments did pro-slavery Southerners use against abolition? A.They claimed that slave labor was essential to the South, allowing Southern whites to reach a high level of culture. B.They argued that many abolitionists were also secretly slaveholders. C.They argued that abolitionists only wanted to free enslaved workers so that they could work in Northern factories. D.They stated that abolitionists wanted to steal Southerners’ farms.

47. Ess enti al Qu esti on How did abolitionists influence the antislavery movement? -Published antislavery newspapers -Organized antislavery societies -Bought enslaved workers to free them and send them abroad -Lectured and wrote books to promote their views -Helped enslaved Africans escape to the North on the Underground Railroad

48. Chapter 14 Section 2 Quiz

49. The American Colonization Society successfully ended slavery. A.True B.False

50. William Lloyd Garrison expanded the abolitionist movement. A.True B.False

51. The Grimké sisters grew up in a slaveholding family but became strong opponents of slavery. A.True B.False

52. The Underground Railroad carried food to poor areas in the South. A.True B.False

53. Opposition to abolitionism sometimes erupted into violence. A.True B.False

54. By 1830, the most pressing social issue for reformers was A.the antislavery movement. B.prohibition. C.women's right to vote. D.free education.

55. Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm started Freedom's Journal, the country's first A.antislavery publication. B.proslavery newspaper. C.spiritual review. D.African American newspaper.

56. What famous African American abolitionist, speaker, and writer escaped from slavery as a runaway? A.William Lloyd Garrison B.Samuel Cornish C.Frederick Douglass D.John Russwurm

57. The most famous conductor of the Underground Railroad was A.Frederick Douglass. B.William Lloyd Garrison. C.Sojourner Truth. D.Harriet Tubman.

58. In 1830 free African American leaders held their first anti-slavery convention in A.Baltimore. B.Philadelphia. C.New York City. D.Chicago.

59. Chapter 14 The Age of Reform (1820-1860) Section 3 The Women’s Movement

60. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3-Polling QuestionSection 3-Polling Question Rate your agreement with the following statement: Women have equal rights with men in the United States today. A.Strongly agree B.Somewhat agree C.Somewhat disagree D.Strongly disagree

61. Essential QuestionEssential Question What were the effects of the women’s rights movement of the middle to late 1800s?

62. Women and Reform Many women reformers were Quakers Lucretia MottLucretia Mott and other Quakers had some equality in their communities Mott helped fugitive slaves and formed an antislavery society Elizabeth Cady StantonMott met Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the world antislavery convention in London They joined forces to work for women’s rights

63. The Seneca Falls Convention July 1848 First women’s rights convention was in Seneca Falls, New York 200 women and 30 men attended The convention issued a Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions Called for an end to laws that discriminated against women

64. The Seneca Falls Convention Continued The Declaration also demanded that women be allowed to have jobs that men had suffrageThe most controversial issue at the convention was about suffrage (right to vote) Elizabeth Cady Stanton wanted the Declaration to demand women suffrage The delegates thought the idea of women voting was too radical Stanton and Frederick Douglass argued powerfully for women’s right to vote After a heated vote, the convention voted to include the demand for woman suffrage

65. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3Section 3 What happened at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848? A.Delegates called for an end to child labor. B.Delegates passed a resolution in favor of voting rights for all African Americans. C.Delegates demanded that women be given the right to vote. D.Delegates petitioned the United States to add an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution.

66. Growth of the Women’s Movement Seneca Falls paved the way for growth of the women’s rights movement In the 1800s- Women held several national conventions Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony worked for women’s rights and temperance Anthony called for equal pay for women, college training for girls, and coeducation Anthony organized the country’s first women’s temperance association, the Daughters of Temperance

67. Growth of the Women’s Movement Continued Anthony met Elizabeth Cady Stanton at a temperance meeting in 1851 They became partners in the struggle for women’s rights and suffrage They were the leaders and worked for the right to vote for women 1890- Wyoming gave women the right to vote, others soon followed Not until 1920 would women officially be given the right to vote

68. Education Some women began to make their own opportunities They broke the barriers to female education and helped other women do the same Emma Willard educated herself in subjects thought only suitable for men (math and science) Willard set up the Troy Female Seminary in 1821 Mary Lyon established Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in Massachusetts in 1837

69. Marriage and Family Laws Women made some gains in marriage and property laws in the mid to late 1800s NY, Penn., Indiana, Wisc., Mississippi, and California recognized the right of women to own property after their marriage Some states passed laws for divorced women Divorced women could share the guardianship of their children with their husband Indiana was the first to allow women to seek divorce if their husband were chronic abusers of alcohol

70. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3Section 3 Under the new marriage laws passed in Indiana, when could a woman seek divorce from her husband? A.If he could not provide adequately for the family B.If he abused their children C.If they disagreed on how to raise their children D.If he was a chronic abuser of alcohol

71. Breaking Barriers In the 1800s, women had few career choices They could be elementary teachers (Paid less than men) ministryMen dominated professions like medicine and ministry Elizabeth BlackwellSome strong minded women like Elizabeth Blackwell broke this barrier Blackwell became a doctor Despite the accomplishments, women remained limited by social customs and expectations Women had just begun the long struggle to achieve their goal of equality

72. Essential QuestionEssential Question What were the effects of the women’s rights movement of the middle to late 1800s? -Women gained the right to vote in several states -greater access to education -Expanded rights within marriage in some states -Greater public awareness of issues affecting women

73. Chapter 14 Section 3 Quiz

74. Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts admitted only African Americans. A.True B.False

75. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton led the women's rights movement after forming a friendship in 1851. A.True B.False

76. Women fighting to end slavery recognized their own oppression and formed the A.temperance movement. B.education movement. C.suffrage movement. D.women's rights movement.

77. The first women's rights convention was held in A.Georgia. B.New York. C.Virginia. D.Ohio.

78. Which was the first state to grant women the right to vote? A.New York B.Wyoming C.Indiana D.Ohio

79. The most controversial issue at the Seneca Falls convention concerned A.education. B.suffrage. C.jobs. D.slavery.

80. The Quaker woman who gave lectures calling for temperance, peace, workers' rights, and abolition was A.Lucretia Mott. B.Elizabeth Stanton. C.Lucy Stone. D.Susan B. Anthony.

81. Elizabeth Blackwell made contributions in the field of A.astronomy. B.medicine. C.literature. D.elementary education.

82. Mount Holyoke Female Seminary was founded by A.Susan B. Anthony. B.Elizabeth Stanton. C.Amelia Jenks Bloomer. D.Mary Lyon.

83. The first state to allow women to divorce their husbands if they had an alcohol problem was A.New York. B.Indiana. C.California. D.Mississippi.