1. The Phenomenon of Competition between Two Rival Universities in the University Ranking Era Liu Haifeng Institute of Education, Xiamen University UNIQUAL ， 15 June 2009 Trondheim, Norway

2. Content Phenomenon of Competition between Two Universities Competition between Oxford and Cambridge The rival complex University Ranking Era Two Competing Universities in University Rankings Widening of the gap between famous universities Binary Stars among Universities

3. While cooperation of universities is one of the important factors to promote development, competition has also proved to be the most significant impetus for universities. While cooperation of universities is one of the important factors to promote development, competition has also proved to be the most significant impetus for universities.

4. Phenomenon of Competition between Two Universities University competitions include those between different universities in the same country as well as nation-to-nation university competition. However, among all these competitions the most intriguing type is the competition between two research universities of comparable status in one country, it is a phenomenon. University competitions include those between different universities in the same country as well as nation-to-nation university competition. However, among all these competitions the most intriguing type is the competition between two research universities of comparable status in one country, it is a phenomenon.

5. The two-university-competition refers to the competition held between two universities with relatively close strengths and levels, which proved to be commonly existing among higher education institutions. The two-university-competition refers to the competition held between two universities with relatively close strengths and levels, which proved to be commonly existing among higher education institutions.

6. In terms of research universities of a country, there is only one or few in some countries to flourish on their own. Nevertheless, in some other countries or cities where there are quite a few research universities, competition of two rivaling universities occurs more frequently. In terms of research universities of a country, there is only one or few in some countries to flourish on their own. Nevertheless, in some other countries or cities where there are quite a few research universities, competition of two rivaling universities occurs more frequently.

7. Competition between Oxford and Cambridge Competition between Oxford and Cambridge is a typical example for university competition in pairs. Competition between Oxford and Cambridge is a typical example for university competition in pairs. “ The other place ” “ The other place ”

8. They both respect the traditions and strive for perfection, regarding the history and traditions as part of the school dignity. The employment from each other ’ s faculties has far outnumbered the graduates from other universities. They both respect the traditions and strive for perfection, regarding the history and traditions as part of the school dignity. The employment from each other ’ s faculties has far outnumbered the graduates from other universities.

9. Even though the two have been fighting with each other, the relationship between them has been one “ in the same boat ”, competing to promote mutual prosperity. Even though the two have been fighting with each other, the relationship between them has been one “ in the same boat ”, competing to promote mutual prosperity.

10. The rival complex In many places in China, we can see two famous universities launching fierce “ battle ” against each other. In many places in China, we can see two famous universities launching fierce “ battle ” against each other. in Beijing, Beijing University & Tsinghua university; in Beijing, Beijing University & Tsinghua university; in Shanghai, Fudan is battling with Shanghai Jiaotong University; in Shanghai, Fudan is battling with Shanghai Jiaotong University;

11. in Tianjin, Nankai with Tianjin University; in Tianjin, Nankai with Tianjin University; In Nanjing, Nanjing University with Southeast University; In Nanjing, Nanjing University with Southeast University; In Wuhan, Wuhan University with Huazhong Science and Engineering University; In Wuhan, Wuhan University with Huazhong Science and Engineering University; In Hong Kong, HK University with HK Chinese University In Hong Kong, HK University with HK Chinese University

12. “ Why does Heaven make our rival exist to prevent us from getting to the top? ” “ Why does Heaven make our rival exist to prevent us from getting to the top? ” The counterparts also care about who goes first when their names are putting together in public talks. The counterparts also care about who goes first when their names are putting together in public talks. The tense and sensitive relationship produced a “ rival complex ”. The tense and sensitive relationship produced a “ rival complex ”.

13. “ Oxbridge ” or “ Camford ” ? “ Oxbridge ” or “ Camford ” ? “ Beida, Tsinghua ” or “ Tsinghua, Beida ” ? “ Beida, Tsinghua ” or “ Tsinghua, Beida ” ?

14. University Ranking Era 1983, “ US News and World Report ” issued “ American ’ s Best Colleges, more and more countries have witnessed the occurrence of university ranking lists. 1983, “ US News and World Report ” issued “ American ’ s Best Colleges, more and more countries have witnessed the occurrence of university ranking lists. 1993, in UK “ The Times ” started to release “ the Good University Guide ” ; 1993, in UK “ The Times ” started to release “ the Good University Guide ” ; 1991, “ Maclean ’ s University Ranking ” appeared in Canada; 1991, “ Maclean ’ s University Ranking ” appeared in Canada; 1998 in Germany the “ Center for Higher Education Development ” worked with “ Stars Weekly ” to issue “ CHE University Ranking ” ; 1998 in Germany the “ Center for Higher Education Development ” worked with “ Stars Weekly ” to issue “ CHE University Ranking ” ; 1991 in Australia Hobson ’ s began to publish “ Good University Guides ”. 1991 in Australia Hobson ’ s began to publish “ Good University Guides ”. In China, at present, there are about 10 university ranking lists. In China, at present, there are about 10 university ranking lists.

15. 2003, “Academic ranking of World Universities”, by the Higher Education Research Institute of Shanghai Jiaotong University. 2005,“World University Rankings”, by “The Times Higher Education Supplement”. University ranking has ushered a globalization era.

16. With the acceleration of economic globalization and internationalization of Higher Education, exchanges, comparisons and cooperation among universities in different countries have become more and more prominent. Every university needs to put itself on the world stage, therefore entering the university era is an inevitable trend and natural consequence. With the acceleration of economic globalization and internationalization of Higher Education, exchanges, comparisons and cooperation among universities in different countries have become more and more prominent. Every university needs to put itself on the world stage, therefore entering the university era is an inevitable trend and natural consequence.

17. In the past, comparison of universities was conducted in a general and obscure sense. However, with the coming of university ranking era, the comparison among universities has been quantified so as to include detailed figures and ranking positions, therefore, competition between the rival universities has become more prominent, featuring hand-in-hand combat. In the past, comparison of universities was conducted in a general and obscure sense. However, with the coming of university ranking era, the comparison among universities has been quantified so as to include detailed figures and ranking positions, therefore, competition between the rival universities has become more prominent, featuring hand-in-hand combat.

18. Two Competing Universities in University Rankings

19. Academic ranking of world universities （ Shanghai Jiao Tong University ） Institution200320042005200620072008 Harvard University111111 Yale University811 9 University Cambridge532244 University Oxford9810 Tokyo University191420192019 Kyoto University302122 23 University Utrecht403941404247 University Leiden786372 7176

20. World University Rankings （ The Times Higher Education Supplement ） Institution2005200620072008 Harvard Univ ersity 1111 Yale Univ ersity 7422 Univ ersity Cambridge3223 Univ ersity Oxford4324 Tokyo Univ ersity 16191719 Kyoto Univ ersity 312925 Univ ersity Utrecht120958967 Univ ersity Leiden138908464

21. Academic ranking of world universities （ Shanghai Jiao Tong University ） Institution200320042005200620072008 Peking Univ251-300202-301203-300201-300203-304201-302 Tsinghua Univ201-250202-301153-202151-200151-202201-302 Fudan Univ301-350302-403301-400 305-402303-401 Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ 401-450404-502301-400201-300203-304201-302 Chinese Univ Hong Kong 301-350202-301203-300201-300203-304201-302 Univ Hong Kong251-300202-301203-300151-200203-304201-302

22. World University Rankings （ The Times Higher Education Supplement ） Institution2005200620072008 Peking University15143650 Tsinghua University62284056 Fudan University7211685113 Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ169179163144 Chinese Univ Hong Kong51503842 University Hong Kong41331826

23. In the World University Ranking, which put 50% weighting on academic prestige (40% Academic Review and 10% Employer Review) In the World University Ranking, which put 50% weighting on academic prestige (40% Academic Review and 10% Employer Review)

24. Widening of the gap between famous universities University rankings have widened the gap between universities which at previous times was regarded as close counterparts by the public. University rankings have widened the gap between universities which at previous times was regarded as close counterparts by the public. As some university rankings put stress on the research, esp. the research production volumes of natural sciences, the rankings put those universities that make strong appeals in science and technology fields at superior positions. As some university rankings put stress on the research, esp. the research production volumes of natural sciences, the rankings put those universities that make strong appeals in science and technology fields at superior positions.

25. In the university ranking in China, the gap between Peking University and Tsinghua University has also been affected by the hard indexes in favor of natural science and engineering. In the university ranking in China, the gap between Peking University and Tsinghua University has also been affected by the hard indexes in favor of natural science and engineering.

26. World University Ranking by Shanghai Jiaotong University. World University Ranking by Shanghai Jiaotong University. Two deficiencies: one is an obvious science and technology biased mentality; second is the limitation of the hegemony of the English language. Two deficiencies: one is an obvious science and technology biased mentality; second is the limitation of the hegemony of the English language.

27. When speaking of the English hegemony, as English is still developing into the “ would-be ” world language, such a problem is not likely to get solved. In my opinion, even if the European Union publishes its own university evaluation and ranking lists, such a situation can hardly be altered basically. When speaking of the English hegemony, as English is still developing into the “ would-be ” world language, such a problem is not likely to get solved. In my opinion, even if the European Union publishes its own university evaluation and ranking lists, such a situation can hardly be altered basically.

28. Binary Stars among Universities No matter whether the universities like it or are willing to accept it or not, in today ’ s world, university ranking has become an unavoidable reality. Universities need not go for it or try hard to cater to it, but meanwhile they also don ’ t have to oppose it or deny it. Universities should not attach too excessive importance to it; neither can they totally ignore it. No matter whether the universities like it or are willing to accept it or not, in today ’ s world, university ranking has become an unavoidable reality. Universities need not go for it or try hard to cater to it, but meanwhile they also don ’ t have to oppose it or deny it. Universities should not attach too excessive importance to it; neither can they totally ignore it.

29. Due to the fact that the public and university applicants are greatly interested and highly concerned about it, and that the role played by university ranking is on the increase, if the strengths of a university have not been truthfully reflected in the university ranking lists, it will do a lasting damage to the academic prestige of a university. Due to the fact that the public and university applicants are greatly interested and highly concerned about it, and that the role played by university ranking is on the increase, if the strengths of a university have not been truthfully reflected in the university ranking lists, it will do a lasting damage to the academic prestige of a university.

30. The competition between rival universities among world famous universities has existed for a long time and has now become more and more prominent and fierce, due to the ushering of university rank era. The competition between rival universities among world famous universities has existed for a long time and has now become more and more prominent and fierce, due to the ushering of university rank era.

31. As the same university has been ranked quite differently on different ranking lists, and each university has its own characteristics and strengths, usually they will emphasize and advertise those good aspects and favor the rankings stressing their advantages. As the same university has been ranked quite differently on different ranking lists, and each university has its own characteristics and strengths, usually they will emphasize and advertise those good aspects and favor the rankings stressing their advantages.

32. Each university has its own distinct strengths just like flowers blooming at different seasons with their unique fragrance and beauty. Each university has its own distinct strengths just like flowers blooming at different seasons with their unique fragrance and beauty. The competition may bring about some negative effects, but not completely negative, for the competition will also promote the university development and create a win-win situation. In the course of competition, these research universities are both rivals as well as friends. The competition may bring about some negative effects, but not completely negative, for the competition will also promote the university development and create a win-win situation. In the course of competition, these research universities are both rivals as well as friends.

33. Competition usually co-exists with cooperation. Competition usually co-exists with cooperation. In the framework of competition reference, both universities can get the impetus and stimulation for greater progress. As long as the competitions are held within appropriate limits, they will provide pressure and impetus, and to a certain extent, mutually promote each other ’ s better performance and prestige. In the framework of competition reference, both universities can get the impetus and stimulation for greater progress. As long as the competitions are held within appropriate limits, they will provide pressure and impetus, and to a certain extent, mutually promote each other ’ s better performance and prestige.

34. Just as the Binary Stars existing in the natural world, in the ecological world of universities, where a large number of good universities mushrooming subsequently, the competition between rivaling universities is a phenomenon with a high probability, or maybe something inevitable. Just as the Binary Stars existing in the natural world, in the ecological world of universities, where a large number of good universities mushrooming subsequently, the competition between rivaling universities is a phenomenon with a high probability, or maybe something inevitable.

35. Thank you for your attention!