1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Endocrine glands secrete chemical messages into the blood stream that affects distant specific target tissues Endocrine Glands are small in size (less than 1/10 th and kg total) but big in maintaining homeostasis. HORMONES- chemical messengers released into the blood stream that direct activities in the body’s cells HORMONES- chemical messengers released into the blood stream that direct activities in the body’s cells FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS Reproduction Reproduction Growth and development Growth and development Body defense system Body defense system Maintain electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance Maintain electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance Regulate cellular metabolism Regulate cellular metabolism

2. 3 CLASSES OF HORMONES 1.Amino acid based- proteins, peptides, and amines 2.Steroids- built around a core of cholesterol (hydrophobic – does not dissolve in water)-sex hormones and adrenal hormones 3.Prostaglandins – fatty acid based- act locally at site of release

3. How do hormones work? TARGET CELLS or TARGET ORGANS- hormones must attach to specific protein receptors on the plasma membrane When hormone binds it typically changes the cell in one of the following ways- 1.Changes plasma membrane permeability or electrical state 2.Synthesis of proteins or enzymes in the cell 3.Activate or deactivate enzymes in the cell 4.Stimulation of mitosis (cell division)

4. STEROIDS- hydrophobic- so therefore fat soluble Page 281 Page 281 STEP 1diffuses through plasma membrane STEP 1diffuses through plasma membrane STEP 2enters the nucleus STEP 2enters the nucleus STEP 3binds to specific receptor proteins in nucleus STEP 3binds to specific receptor proteins in nucleus STEP 4binds to specific sites of DNA STEP 4binds to specific sites of DNA STEP 5activates genes STEP 5activates genes STEP 6genes make new proteins STEP 6genes make new proteins

5. NONSTEROIDAL HORMONES- not fat soluble Page 281- Page 281- STEP 1 binds to receptor on plasma memb STEP 1 binds to receptor on plasma memb STEP 2sets off a series of reactions that activate enzyme STEP 2sets off a series of reactions that activate enzyme STEP 3- produces a second messenger molecule STEP 3- produces a second messenger molecule STEP 4- produces cells predicted reaction to the hormone STEP 4- produces cells predicted reaction to the hormone

6. Types of endocrine glands HORMONAL- glands prodded into action due to hormones HORMONAL- glands prodded into action due to hormones NEURAL- glands prodded into action due to neural stimulation NEURAL- glands prodded into action due to neural stimulation HUMORAL- changing blood levels of certain ions (Ca+) for example prods the glands into action HUMORAL- changing blood levels of certain ions (Ca+) for example prods the glands into action

7. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM Negative feedback limits amount of hormone that is released Hypothalamus Set point Levels OK ? Blood Hypothalamus releases a "Releasing Hormone" Pituitary gland releases "Tropic hormone" Peripheral gland releases its hormone Yes? No?

8. Structure and function of Endocrine glands PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS)- “Master endocrine gland”- located in the sella turcica of the skull consists of 2 functional areas ANTERIOR PITUITARY- secretes the 4 tropic hormones- activates other endocrine glands POSTERIOR PITUITARY- serves as a storage area for two hormones to be used when activated by the neurons of the hypothalamus

9. ANTERIOR PITUITARY Secretes 4 tropic hormones Secretes 4 tropic hormones Receives hormones from hypothalamus called “regulating factors” Receives hormones from hypothalamus called “regulating factors” 1. Growth hormone (GH) TROPHIC HORMONES 1. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 3. Gonadotropins 1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

10. GROWTH HORMONE (increases amino acid transport into cells and increases protein synthesis, mitosis, and cartilaginous bone growth) (increases amino acid transport into cells and increases protein synthesis, mitosis, and cartilaginous bone growth) Growth hormone acts on liver and bone Growth hormone acts on liver and bone Overproduction of (GH) will result in gigantism. Or if occurs after long bone formation has completed Acromegaly will occur Overproduction of (GH) will result in gigantism. Or if occurs after long bone formation has completed Acromegaly will occur Underproduction of (GH) will result in pituitary dwarfism Underproduction of (GH) will result in pituitary dwarfism

11. Growth Hormone

12. Thyroid stimulating hormone Controls production of metabolic regulatory hormones from thyroid gland Controls production of metabolic regulatory hormones from thyroid gland

13. Adenocorticotropic hormone Controls adrenal cortex production of corticosteroid hormones Controls adrenal cortex production of corticosteroid hormones

14. Follicle Stimulating Hormone females – FSH promotes synthesis of estrogen and development and growth of follicles in ovaries to become oocyte(s) females – FSH promotes synthesis of estrogen and development and growth of follicles in ovaries to become oocyte(s) males – FSH promotes production of sperm in testes males – FSH promotes production of sperm in testes

15. Luteinizing Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Luteinizing Hormone 1) females – promotes sex hormone production and release of oocyte from follicle 1) females – promotes sex hormone production and release of oocyte from follicle 2) males – promotes sex hormone production 2) males – promotes sex hormone production

16. Posterior lobe of pituitary Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)- causes collecting ducts of nephron to re-absorb more water from urine Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)- causes collecting ducts of nephron to re-absorb more water from urine Oxytocin- Causes contraction of uterine smooth muscle (i.e. LABOR!!!) Release (post-partum) causes contraction of milk ducts in mammary glands Oxytocin- Causes contraction of uterine smooth muscle (i.e. LABOR!!!) Release (post-partum) causes contraction of milk ducts in mammary glands

17. THYROID GLAND Located ate the base of the throat just inferior to the Adam’s apple Located ate the base of the throat just inferior to the Adam’s apple Two large lobes joined by an isthmus Two large lobes joined by an isthmus Produces- Thyroxine and Calcitonin Produces- Thyroxine and Calcitonin Thyroxine- stimulates metabolism- contains iodine People with not enough iodine in their diet get GOITERS. Negative feedback loop tells thyroid to keep producing but lack of iodine makes the molecule nonfunctional

18. Thyroid Goiter

19. Thyroid Gland Hypothyroidism- Cretinism- “dwarfism” occurs in early childhood Hypothyroidism- Cretinism- “dwarfism” occurs in early childhood In adults results in MYXEDEMA- physical or mental sluggishness In adults results in MYXEDEMA- physical or mental sluggishness

20. Thyroid Gland Hyperthyroidism- high metabolic rate, intolerance of heat, rapid heartbeat, nervous behavior Hyperthyroidism- high metabolic rate, intolerance of heat, rapid heartbeat, nervous behavior GRAVE’s DISEASE- thyroid enlarges and eyes bulge GRAVE’s DISEASE- thyroid enlarges and eyes bulge

21. Thyroid gland CALCITONIN- decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited into bones CALCITONIN- decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited into bones Hyposecretion- lead to decalcification in elderly adults Hyposecretion- lead to decalcification in elderly adults

22. PARATHYROID GLAND PARATHYROID HORMONE- regulates calcium level in blood- when low it decalcifies bone to add to blood supply PARATHYROID HORMONE- regulates calcium level in blood- when low it decalcifies bone to add to blood supply - If blood calcium levels fall too low then neurons become irritable and overactive. -Hyperparathyroidism- causes massive bone destruction-

23. Adrenal Cortex Mineralcorticoids- regulate salt and potassium in the blood Mineralcorticoids- regulate salt and potassium in the blood ALDOSTERONE- high levels in the blood reclaim sodium and allow potassium out in urine ALDOSTERONE- high levels in the blood reclaim sodium and allow potassium out in urine When sodium is absorbed then water will flow smoother When sodium is absorbed then water will flow smoother Hyposecretion- ADDISON’S DISEASE- sodium and water are lost from the body- skin appears bronze and muscles become weak Hyposecretion- ADDISON’S DISEASE- sodium and water are lost from the body- skin appears bronze and muscles become weak Hypersecretion- excessive water and sodium retained- potassium severely lost- Hypersecretion- excessive water and sodium retained- potassium severely lost-

24. Adrenal Cortex CORTISONE- promote normal cell metabolism- resists long-term stressors- CORTISONE- promote normal cell metabolism- resists long-term stressors- Have anti- inflammatory and pain inhibitors Have anti- inflammatory and pain inhibitors Hypersecretion- CUSHING’S SYNDROME- “buffalo hump” Hypersecretion- CUSHING’S SYNDROME- “buffalo hump”

25. Adrenal Cortex ANDROGENS- male sex hormones ANDROGENS- male sex hormones hypersecretion- masculinization regardless of sex -ESTROGEN- female sex hormones- production of female characteristics

26. ADRENAL MEDULLA EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE) AND NOREPINEPHRINE- EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE) AND NOREPINEPHRINE- Prolongs the effects of the sympathetic nervous system Hyposecretion- no major effects

27. PANCREAS INSULIN- acts on all body cells and increases their ability to take glucose in through cell membrane INSULIN- acts on all body cells and increases their ability to take glucose in through cell membrane Takes glucose out of blood Takes glucose out of blood Without insulin- glucose will be lost out urine along with excess water- dehydration- DIABETES MELLITUS Without insulin- glucose will be lost out urine along with excess water- dehydration- DIABETES MELLITUS

28. PANCREAS 3 COMMON SIGNS OF DIABETES 3 COMMON SIGNS OF DIABETES 1.excessive urination 1.excessive urination 2.excessive thirst 2.excessive thirst 3.hunger due to inability to take in sugars 3.hunger due to inability to take in sugars

29. PANCREAS GLUCAGON- adds glucose to blood- stimulates liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose GLUCAGON- adds glucose to blood- stimulates liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose Hyposecretion / hypersecretion- no important disorders Hyposecretion / hypersecretion- no important disorders

30. PINEAL GLAND MELATONIN- “sleep trigger” establishes the day/night cycle MELATONIN- “sleep trigger” establishes the day/night cycle Coordinates hormones of fertility Coordinates hormones of fertility

31. THYMUS THYMOSIN- programs certain lymphocytes THYMOSIN- programs certain lymphocytes Thymus stores “T cells” until they mature Thymus stores “T cells” until they mature

32. OVARIES ESTROGENS- stimulate secondary sex characteristics in women- ESTROGENS- stimulate secondary sex characteristics in women- ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE- prepares the uterus to receive a fertilized egg- Menstrual Cycle ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE- prepares the uterus to receive a fertilized egg- Menstrual Cycle Prepares breasts for milk production Prepares breasts for milk production Helps maintain pregnancy Helps maintain pregnancy HYPOSECRETION- inhibits woman’s fertility HYPOSECRETION- inhibits woman’s fertilitymenopause Hypersecretion- increased breast cancer and ovarian cancer

33. TESTES ANDROGENS- male sex hormones ANDROGENS- male sex hormones TESTOSTERONE- causes male sex characteristics TESTOSTERONE- causes male sex characteristics Production of sperm Production of sperm Hyposecretion- sterility Hyposecretion- sterility

34. PLACENTA HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN- stimulates the production of more estrogen and progesterone HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN- stimulates the production of more estrogen and progesterone Home pregnancy tests test for Human chorionic gonadotropin Home pregnancy tests test for Human chorionic gonadotropin