1. GRAMMAR REVIEW OF FIRST SEMESTER

2. PART OF THE SENTENCE Subject Predicate Linking Verb Action Verb
Direct Object
Indirect Object
Predicate Adjective
Predicate Nominative or
Predicate Noun
Prepositional Phrase

3. SUBJECT Part of Speech: noun or pronoun
Definition: names the person, place, or thing the sentence is about.
Questions answered or role in the sentence: tells who or what the sentence is about.
Usual Location: Subjects can come at the beginning, middle, or end of the sentence.

4. POSITION OF SUBJECTS
Natural order: when the subject of a sentence comes before the verb
Inverted order: when the verb or part of the verb comes before the subject.
Many questions are in inverted order.
Sometimes the subject of a sentence is not expressed, as in a command or request. The “understood subject” is you.

5. PREDICATE Part of Speech: verb
Definition: tells what the subject does or did, is or was
Questions answered or role in the sentence: the predicate tells what the subject is doing or it connects the subject to something that describes or renames it
Usual Location: after the subject, or on one side of the subject and the rest on the other side

6. LINKING VERB Part of Speech: verb
Definition: links, or connects, the subject with a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective in the predicate
Questions answered or role in the sentence: they just say that someone or something is, was, or will be.
Usual Location: after the subject

7. COMMON LINKING VERBS “to be” verbs: “state of being verbs”
be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being
other common linking verbs:
seem, taste, appear, grow, look, remain, sound, smell, feel, become, turn, get, act

8. ACTION VERB Part of Speech: verb
Definition: a verb that expresses physical or mental action.
Questions answered or role in the sentence: tells what the subject is doing
Usual location: after the subject

9. Linking Verbs vs. Action Verbs
That doesn’t sound right to me.
Sound the fire alarm!
The stew smells delicious.
Can you smell the garlic in this stew?
I think my soup tastes too salty.
May I taste some of your soup?

10. SUBSTITUTE “SEEMS”
A trick to tell whether the verb is action or linking is to substitute the word seems and notice how it sounds. If it sounds okay, it’s a linking verb and you need an adjective. Otherwise, it’s an action verb and you need an adverb.

11. EXAMPLES The hamburger meat smells (bad/badly).
(The meat seems bad? Yes, that’s okay, so smell here is a linking verb and needs an adjective. Bad is an adjective.)
I smelled the hamburger meat (careful/carefully) to see if it was rotten.
(I seem the meat? No, that’s not okay, so smell here is an action verb and needs an adverb. Carefully is an adverb.)

12. DIRECT OBJECTS Part of Speech: noun or pronoun
Definition: a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb or shows the result of the action
Questions answered or role in the sentence: it tells what or whom after an action verb
Usual location: in the sentence somewhere after the action verb

13. INDIRECT OBJECT Part of Speech: noun or pronoun
Definition: a noun or pronoun that comes between a transitive verb and its direct object
Questions answered or role in the sentence: tells to what, for what, to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done
Usual Location: in the sentence it comes between the action verb and the direct object S – AV – IO - DO

14. Direct Objects & Indirect Objects
ONLY follow action verbs
NEVER appear in prepositional phrases
Are two kinds of COMPLEMENTS

15. PREDICATE ADJECTIVE Part of Speech: adjective
Definition: an adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject
Questions answered or role in the sentence: describes the subject
Usual location: follows the linking verb

16. PREDICATE NOMINATIVE a.k.a. PREDICATE NOUN
Part of Speech: noun or pronoun
Definition: a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and identifies or renames the subject
Questions answered or role in the sentence: renames the subject
Usual location: follows the linking verb

17. Predicate Adjectives & Predicate Nominatives
ONLY follow linking verbs
NEVER appear in prepositional phrases
Are two kinds of SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS

18. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE Part of Speech: adjective or adverb
Definition: a group of two or more words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition

19. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE cont.
Questions answered or role in the sentence: Prepositions show the relationship of one word in a sentence to another word. The four things prepositions tell are location – where something is; direction – where something is going; time – when something happens; relationship – between a noun or a pronoun and another word in a sentence.
Usual location: beginning, middle, and/or end of the sentence

20. 1. What is the difference between a linking verb and an action verb?
Linking verbs do not show action.
Linking verbs are followed by predicate adjectives and predicate nominatives.
Action verbs show action.
Action verbs are followed by direct objects and indirect objects.

21. 2. In the following sentence is smelled an action or a linking verb?
The flowers smelled good.
substitute “seemed” The flowers seemed good. Is it okay? YES
smelled is a linking verb

22. 3. In the following sentence is smelled
an action or a linking verb?
My dog Sparky stopped and smelled the flower.
substitute “seemed”
My dog Sparky stopped and seemed the flower. Is it okay? NO
smelled is an action verb

23. 4. What is a complement?
A complement is a word or group of words that completes the meaning of a verb.
Name four types of complements.
direct object and indirect object
predicate adjective and predicate nominative (noun)

24. 5. What type of verb do direct object and indirect objects follow?
ACTION VERBS

25. 6. Give the three part phrase definition:
1. A group of related words
2. WITHOUT a subject and its verb
3. That acts as a part of speech

26. 8. (7.) What is the difference between a part of speech and a part of a sentence?
A part of a sentence is a part of speech that performs a specific role in a sentence. For instance, a noun can perform the role of a subject, direct object, indirect object, or predicate nominative.

27. 9. What is the difference between a direct object and a predicate nominative?
A direct object follows an action verb and can be found by saying the subject, action verb, and asking the questions what or whom.
A predicate nominative follows a linking verb and renames the subject

28. Attribute Adjective Prep. Phrase Adverb What does it modify?
NOUN or PRONOUN
VERB, ADJECTIVE, or
ADVERB
What questions does it answer?
1 WHAT KIND?
2 HOW MANY?
3 WHICH ONE?
1 HOW?
2 WHEN?
3 WHERE?
4 To what extent?
Where can it be in a sentence?
Close to what they modify
If it is at the beginning, it is an adverb. However, they can be found anywhere in the sentence.