1. Chapter 11 Race By Nicholas Miller and Amber Ulmer

2. Table of contents Racial Stratification Racial Stratifications: Comparisons Racial Stratification in Brazil Ethnicity and Ethnic stratification Two perspectives on ethnicities Social constructionism Nation State and Ethnicity How the Nation State shapes Ethnicity The nation state and ethnic conflict Nation State and Indigenous people Imposition on Western land Ethnic Identity Ethnicity and Migration/Immigration laws: The intersection of Ethnicity and race Models and adaptation

3. Racial Stratifictation Franz Boas- helped show race was biological not cultural/color of skin. Race is a culturally constructed catergory. Gerald- Whote about social inequality in U.S and India.

4. Racial stratifications: Comparisons U.S and Brazil U.S bases race on skin color, and presumed ancestry. Suzie Phillips- Was in 1982 classified as black because of her great x 4 grandmothers, fought to legally change that. Haitian dictator Papa Dou Duvalier stated in an interview in 1996 that over 90% of the Haitian population was white. Going by the same system as America had for blacks, counting a drop of white blood as white. Racial structure in South America like India is a caste system. Membership based on birth. Because “whiteness” is the norm for the United states, it is often overlooked as a racial identity. White people generally assume that ordinary experiences for them like shopping, or buying something will be simple and not pose any problems. While many other races have to consider the options and how they will be treated where.

5. Racial Stratification in Brazil Brazils race relations in contrasted with the U.S, as these two countries are the largest multiracial societies in the America’s. Both societies had slave plantations, and slave societys that lasted until mid. This legacy left behind of slavery that continued to shape racial inequality. Brazil never encoded it’s racial system into law. Brazil is considered a class stratified society, where race is one of many criterias: such as wealth, education, and land ownership that govern social status. Racial differences are lessening faster across the U.S than Brazil.

6. Ethnicity and Ethnic Stratification Ethnicity refers to perceived differences-which can include culture, religion, language, national origin, and historical experiences by a people. Race refers to perceived physical differences, while ethnicity refers to cultural differences. Ethnic Identity- The sense of self one experiences as a member of an ethnic group. Ethnic groups-categories of people who see themselves as sharing an ethnic identity that differentiates them from other groups or from the larger society. Ethnic Boundaries- The perceived cultural attributes by which ethnic groups distinguish themselves from others.

7. Two Perspectives on Ethnicity Essentialism- A view of ethnicity that holds that ethnic groups are distinguished by essential historically rooted and emotionally experienced cultural differences. Ethnicity is this is view as “clinging to old loyalties,” by a group to resist aspects of modern life.

8. Social Constructionism For social contrustionist, ethnic traditions and boundaries are not fossilized age old patterns. But are repeatedly reinterpreted over time. Particularly with regard to political power and economic resources. Ethnicity bring the past to the present from this view.

9. The nation state and Ethnicity Nation State- A sovereign geographically based state that identifies itself as having a distinctive national culture and historical experience. One way states construct national identities is to attach new meanings to space, drawing boundaries between spatially defined insiders and outsiders. People within these boundaries are viewed as having an essential natural identity based on a common language and shared customs an culture. People outside the boundary are viewed as essentially different. Having their own national identities. National Identities have through-out history struggled painfully to evolve and even today are problematic for many nations. This is most true for post-colonial nations who house many different ethnic groups.

10. How the Nation State Shapes Ethnicity The invention and implementation of a national identity with its associated rites and symbols are carried out by nationalist elites, intellectuals, politicians, and institutions. To be successful, a national identity must appear to be a real unquestionable, timeless, and intrinsic element of personal identity, the “imagined” or “invented” quality of a national unity must be repressed. The state through its records of laws, access to the media, and control of education, and other resources, attempts to create a national culture and identity that become the only authorized representation of society. The state can also influence the development of ethnicities by incorporating, for its own purposes, elements of subcultures into the national culture. ( Such as Jamaica incorporating elements of Rastafarian culture into it’s culture.)

11. The Nation state and Ethnic Conflict Ethnic conflict today is clearly tied to the rise, maintenance and collaspe of the nation-state. Ambitious politicians promote ethnic identity, building constituencies from groups that hope to gain increased ecomonic, and political power.

12. Nation States and Indigenous People Indigenous peoples- (sometimes referred to as members of the fourth world) small scale societies, designated as bonds, tribes, and chiefdoms. Typically characterized by close identification with land, self sufficiency, resource management, and community. Determined to preserve there lands and cultures/ struggling to preserve cultures. After European conquests many indigenous societies disappeared -Indigenous people must maintain control over land base and substance resources in order to remain self sufficient and politically autonomous - Indigenous people were pushed into participating in the global market economy -Relationships between colonial men and native women were prohibited Pg.356

13. Imposition on Western Land -Participation by indigenous peoples is furthered by the want for western goods -Colonial agenda was imposed on indigenous peoples through western laws -Lots of indigenous cultures practiced polygamy -Many colonial laws put restraints on sexuality -Relationships between colonial men and native women were prohibited -Kinship groups had rights to land -WW2 established frame work in which the concept of human rights was expanded to include indigenous peoples as a cultural groups and legitimatize there struggles for self determination -UN did little to help support indigenous -policies were based on expectation that indigenous would disappear

14. Imposition on Western land prt.2 - Cultural survival- works toward increasing ability of indigenous to improve there position within multiethnic or culturally pluralist nation state. It helps them keep there identity as they assimilate and helps them undertstand laws of land ownership -as indigenous interact with other states there culture and identity also changes 357-360

15. Ethnic Identity - Fluctuates according to circumstances -may or may not involve language -American identity is always compared to other ethnic identities -European identity- Language is no longer considered a boundary marker. More subtle ethnic patterns such as food preference, verbal and non verbal communication, occupatonal choices, voting patterns, health, illness, and pain are now boundary markers Pg. 361

16. Ethnicity and Migration/Immigration laws: The intersection of Ethnicity and race - Ethnicity & Migration- Ethnicity is seen differently in America than it is in most other parts of the world -Different groups all experience immigration differently. All are accepted differently and there are always different circumstances. -Creating national identity has been a key thing in American culture since the revolution -Immigration laws- -largest most varied immigration to the US took place between 1880's-1920's -discourse of immigration moved from ethnicity to race -restrictive immigration claimed that people of different "races" could not be "good Americans" this view was dropped in the 1920's -"Whiteness" and "none whiteness" were used to define racial status

17. Models and Adaptation -huge in crease of immigration in the 20th century created concern over how immigrants should be incorporated into American society -Public schools and citizenship classes were designed to teach immigrants American ways and motivate them to drop there cultural patterns from there home countries -Assimilation became dominant policy towards Native Americans -Mid nineteenth century most natives were forced into reservations - Natives were taught christianity, agricultural production and english language by missionaries and indian US agents -Natives were forced to send there kids to boarding schools -Reservation policy failed

18. Models and Adaptation prt.2 -Daws act(1887) provided native familiies to be given allotment of land to be privately owned -Natives who left the culture were given American citizenship -Daws act failed to assimilate Natives -1930's gov policies to support natives were created -by 1950's most cultural distinctiveness of ethnic groups disapeared - Multiculturalism - view that cultural diversity in the US is a positive value and makes an important contribution to american natural identity -1920's aimed at reversing discrimination of previous laws -major change has been in composition of immigration flow -New immigrants bring races and cultures from all over the world to the US and help create what we know as American culture

19. THE END!!