1. Personality Theories

2. Personality  patterns of feelings, motives, and behavior that set people apart from one another

3. Humanistic Theory  People are free to do as they choose and are responsible for the choices that they make  Abraham Maslow  We desire to achieve self-actualization  Self-actualization = Reaching one’s full potential  Carl Rogers  Self-Theory  Self-concept = a view of oneself as an individual  Congruence = consistency between one’s self concept and one’s experiences

4. Sociocultural Theory  Focuses on three factors  Ethnicity  Gender  Culture  Key factors in our personality are our family and environmental influences

5. Learning Theory  Emphasizes the effects of experience on behavior  Behaviorism  John B. Watson  Claimed that external or environmental forces shape people’s preferences and behaviors  B.F. Skinner  emphasized the effects of reinforcement on behavior  Social Learning Theory  Albert Bandura  Focus on the following factors:  the importance of learning by observation  the role of the cognitive processes

6. Psychoanalytic Theory  Believes how we behave is a result of our unconscious  Unconscious=impulses/needs unknown to us  Includes sexual and aggressive urges  We struggle to choose between our biological drives (instincts) and social rules (expectations of society)  This struggle leads to “inner conflict”

7.  Id  Pleasure principle  Includes instincts (hunger)  Wants instant gratification  Pays no attention to rules, laws, consequences  All unconscious Freud’s Psychological Structures of the Mind

8.  Superego  Moral principle  Incorporates expectations of society  Acts as the conscience (morals)  Both conscious and unconscious Freud’s Psychological Structures of the Mind

9.  Ego  Reality principle  Understands we cannot always get what we want  Uses reason and good sense  Tries to balance the id and superego  Mostly conscious, part unconscious Freud’s Psychological Structures of the Mind

11. Psychoanalytic Theory  Defense Mechanisms  Used by the ego  Avoid recognizing ideas/emotions that cause anxiety  Use them unconsciously

12. Trait Theory : Big 5  Trait = an aspect of personality that is considered to be fixed/unchanging  Traits are like building blocks – how they stack up impacts our personality

13. NOT USING THIS SLIDE!! Psychoanalytic Theory  Freud believed you could access unconscious thoughts in the following ways:  Free association:  the uncensored uttering of any thoughts that come to mind  Dream analysis:  Our unconscious thoughts are disguised in our dreams  Hypnosis:  Hypnotic state allowed access to our unconscious