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Published byAnastasia Russell Modified over 8 years ago
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Review 2011
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Personality- relatively stable patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting that an individual possesses Major Approaches: Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Trait Behavioral Humanistic Sociocultural
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Focuses on the role of the unconscious in the development of personality Major theorists: Sigmund Freud Neo-Freudians: Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Carl Jung, Erik Erikson
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Iceberg Metaphor of Consciousness:
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Id- “pleasure principle” Contains basic survival drives Acts without restraint- looks for immediate satisfaction
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Ego- “reality principle” Tempers the desires of the ID Contains the conscious perceptions that develop with maturity Tries to ensure the individual will experience pleasure within social constraints
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Superego- “ morality principle” Operates on what is perceives is “ideal” or “right” Combination of our conscience and ideal self image GUILT = result of the ego acting contrary to the superego
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The ID, EGO, SUPEREGO function together to resolve the conflicts between our internal drives and social constraints The ego also uses defense mechanisms as a means of reducing anxiety (review the handout on defense mechanisms)
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Freud pioneered the technique of psychoanalytic therapy- focused on stream of consciousness, dreams, symbols, and the examination of early childhood experiences
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Carl Jung- broke from Freud and founded analytic psychology Collective unconscious Archetypes persona
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Karen Horney- believed that social influences not sexual drives are the most important Erik Erikson-focused on developmental stages rather than Freud’s sexual stages Alfred Adler- believed that we are all born with feelings of inferiority- striving for superiority = goal Overcompensation Inferiority complex
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Focuses on characteristic behaviors and conscious motives Can be physical, social, or moral characteristics Criticisms: ID’s traits but does NOT address where they come from
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Gordon Allport- classification of traits Cardinal Traits- a trait that an individual exhibits in all situations Central Traits- a trait exhibited in most situations Secondary Traits- a trait whose presence in an individual depends on the situation (cardinal traits = fairly rare)
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Raymond Cattell - reduced the # of traits, then further classified traits into clusters, then identified source traits List is bipolar: (ex) reserved- outgoing, timid- venturesome, etc
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Hans Eysenck - characterized traits into two dimensions Introversion/ extroversion Emotional stability/ instability used 4 temperaments to classify the personality dimensions Evolved into the “Big 5”: emotional stability. Extroversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness to new experience
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Focuses on behaviorism and social learning Behavior is observable= valid Claim that there is no need to consider personality or traits because they are based by reinforcement Criticisms- ignores internal experiences and free will
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John Watson - believes that we behave as we do because early behaviors were reinforced believes that with reinforcement, people can become anything they want Little Albert example
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B.F. Skinner- behavior is learned through socialization Behaviors are not freely chosen, but are shaped by the environment No free will- behavior is shaped by the environment System of rewards Influential in learning theories
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Albert Bandura - “social learning” theory Believes people have free will- allows them to act and influence their environments Behavior is based on what we observe and internal factors Skills, values, goals, expectations, self-efficacy
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Focuses on self-awareness and development of the “self” Emphasizes: internal positive factors in motivation and personality Focuses on the unique potential within the individual Criticisms: experiences are subjective, ignores human capacity for evil, not open to testing
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Abraham Maslow- focused on an individual’s desire to reach his/her full potential an individual must find their own way to that goal Self-actualization - goal of every individual
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Carl Rogers - the key to self-actualization is reflection Emphasizes self-esteem Unconditional positive regard Self-concept
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Focuses on the effects of: ethnicity, gender, and culture on the formation of personality A healthy personality= happiness and fulfillment within the constraints of cultural determinants Criticisms: does not address personality tendencies that may be culture free
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Individualism vs. Collectivism
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