1. Human Rights — 15 hours Human rights — knowledge of the role and significance of human rights in global politics and the role of international courts in promoting human rights; awareness of infringements of human rights and notably the impact of the ‘war on terror’. International law — the system of rules that are regarded as binding on states and nonstate actors in their interrelations. Idealists believe that international law and international institutions such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ) could provide the basis for an orderly society of states, where international law could solve disputes before they escalate into military conflict. Realists refer to the lack of authority, legislature, police force and judiciary. However, for centuries, international law has developed to promote such a society of states with rules and procedures to regulate the everyday interaction of states. Almost all states abide by these rules almost all of the time. Humanitarian intervention — knowledge of the growth of humanitarian intervention since 1990; awareness of the relevant arguments concerning military intervention for the purpose of defending human rights. Revision and examination practice — 15 hours

2. Bulk out history on twin covenants.

3. What are human rights? In the post-war years a complex network of law and practice has grown up around the idea that individuals possess rights simply by virtue of being human, of sharing in a common humanity. Random sudan graphic http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa- 12115013http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa- 12115013

4. Human rights can sometimes be broken into: First-generation (political rights) Second generation (Economic, social and cultural rights) Third-generation (Rights built on the collective dimension and concern the rights of ‘peoples’)

5. First-generation human rights First-generation human rights deal essentially with liberty and participation in political life. They are fundamentally civil and political in nature, and serve to protect the individual from excesses of the state. First-generation rights include, among other things: freedom of speech, the right to a fair trial, freedom of religion, and voting rights. Pioneered by the United States Bill of Rights and in France by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in the 18th century, they were first enshrined at the global level by the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and given status in international law in Articles 3 to 21 of the Universal Declaration, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

6. Second-generation human rights Second-generation human rights are related to equality. They are fundamentally social, economic, and cultural in nature. They ensure different members of the citizenry equal conditions and treatment. Secondary rights would include: a right to be employed, rights to housing and health care, social security and unemployment benefits. Like first-generation rights, they were also covered by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and further embodied in Articles 22 to 27 of the Universal Declaration, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. In the United States of America, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed a Second Bill of Rights, covering much the same grounds, during his State of the Union Address on 11 January 1944. Today, many nations or groups of nations have developed legally binding declarations guaranteeing comprehensive sets of human rights, e.g. the European Social Charter.

7. Third-generation human rights Third-generation human rights are those rights that go beyond the mere civil and social, as expressed in many progressive documents of international law, including the 1972 Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and other pieces of generally aspirational "soft law." Because of the present-day tilting toward national sovereignty and the preponderance of would-be offender nations, these rights have been hard to enact in legally binding documents.

8. The term "third-generation human rights" remains largely unofficial, and thus houses an extremely broad spectrum of rights, including: Group and collective rights Right to self-determination Right to economic and social development Right to a healthy environment Right to natural resources Right to communicate and communication rights Right to participate in cultural heritage Rights to intergenerational equity and sustainability

9. http://www.kas.de/upload/auslandshomep ages/namibia/HumanRights/ruppel1.pdfhttp://www.kas.de/upload/auslandshomep ages/namibia/HumanRights/ruppel1.pdf http://www.eycb.coe.int/compass/en/chapt er_4/4_2.htmlhttp://www.eycb.coe.int/compass/en/chapt er_4/4_2.html

10. Pre WWII campaigns and influences which furthered/enshrined human rights Draw a spider diagram. Each link should explain how this feature preserved human rights. E.g. Abolition of slave trade

11. Read through and annotate your handout on ‘a short history of human rights’ http://www.universalrights.net/main/creatio n.htmhttp://www.universalrights.net/main/creatio n.htm Pre WWII history of human rights The universal declaration of human rights The international bill of human rights

12. The UN declaration of human rights Read through and highlight the article. Draw a table to show your rights and how they are upheld or denied.

13. The impact of the War on Terror on Human Rights Read through page 509. Extract from globalization of world politics. Highlight and annotate to show how human rights are being denied. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/ 20/barack-obama-guantanamo-congress- vetohttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/ 20/barack-obama-guantanamo-congress- veto Guantanamo vetoed

14. In pairs research and explain three other examples of where the war on terror has led to the denial of human rights. Be specific about which human rights have been denied.

15. http://www.hrw.org/ 2 current human rights abuses.