1. Wind Energy

2. WIND ENERGY

3. What Makes Wind

4. Global Wind Patterns

5. 5000 BC Sailboats used on the Nile indicate the power of wind 500-900 AD First windmills developed in Persia 1300 AD First horizontal- axis windmills in Europe 1850s Daniel Halladay and John Burnham build Halladay Windmill; start US Wind Engine Company Late 1880s Thomas O. Perry conducted 5,000 wind experiments; starts Aermotor Co mpany 1888 Charles F. Brush used windmill to generate electricity in Cleveland, OH Early 1900s Windmills in CA pumped saltwater to evaporate ponds 1941 In VT, Grandpa’s Knob turbine supplies power to town during WWII 1979 First wind turbine rated over 1 MW began operating 1985 CA wind capacity exceeded 1,000 MW 1993 US WindPower developed first commercial variable-speed wind turbine 2004 Electricity from wind generation costs 3 to 4.5 cents per kWh 2011 Wind power provided over 12% of renewable energy used in US History of Wind Enrgy

6. Why Wind Energy? o Clean, zero emissions - NO x, SO 2, CO, CO 2 - Air quality, water quality - Climate change o Reduce fossil fuel dependence - Energy independence - Domestic energy—national security o Renewable - No fuel-price volatility

7. Renewable Electric Capacity Worldwide US DOE, EERE 2012 Renewable Energy Data Book

8. US Electricity Generation from Non-Hydro Renewables

9. Top Installed Wind Power Capacity THE TOP TWENTY-FIVE STATES for Installed Wind Capacity, in MW as of December 31, 2012 1 Texas12,21214 Pennsylvania1,340 2 Iowa5,54915 Michigan988 3 California5,13716 Idaho973 4 Oregon3,15317 South Dakota784 5. Oklahoma3,13418 New Mexico778 6. Minnesota2,98619 Wisconsin649 7 Washington2,80820 Montana645 8. Kansas2,71221 West Virginia583 9 Colorado2,30122Missouri459 10 North Dakota1,67923 Nebraska459 11 New York1,63824 Maine431 12 Indiana1,54325 Utah325 13 Wyoming1,410 National Renewable Energy Laboratory

10. Annual Installed U.S. Wind Power Capacity AWEA U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2013

11. Installed Wind Capacities 1999-June 2014 1999 Total: 2,500 MW Total: 61,946 MW As of 6/30/2014

12. Top Twenty States for Wind Energy Potential

13. U.S. Wind Resource Map

14. Transmission Challenges

15. China Leads the World in Wind Capacity Top 5 Countries for 2013 New Installed Capacity 1.China 2.Germany 3.United Kingdom 4.India 5.Canada Top 5 Countries for 2013 New Installed Capacity 1.China 2.Germany 3.United Kingdom 4.India 5.Canada Total Installed Generating Capacity (MW)

16. Why Such Growth? …costs are low! Increased Turbine Size R&D Advances Manufacturing Improvements 1979 40 cents/kWh 2000 4-6 cents/kWh 2004 3-4.5 cents/kWh 2011 Less than 5 cents/kWh

17. Modern Wind Turbines Turbines can be categorized into two classes based on the orientation of the rotor. The NEED Project 2014

18. Vertical-Axis Turbines Advantages o Omni-directional - accepts wind from any direction o Components can be mounted at ground level - ease of service - lighter weight towers o Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind Disadvantages o Rotors generally near ground where wind is poorer o Centrifugal force stresses blades o Poor self-starting capabilities o Requires support at top of turbine rotor o Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings o Overall poor performance and reliability

19. Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines Small (<10 kW ) o Homes o Farms o Remote Applications (e.g., water pumping, Telecom sites, ice making) Large (250 kW-2+ MW) o Central Station Wind Farms o Distributed Power o Schools Intermediate(10-250 kW) o Village Power o Hybrid Systems o Distributed Power

20. Large Wind Turbines  Common Utility-Scale Turbines o 328’ base to blade o Each blade is 112’ o 200 tons total o Foundation 20’ deep o Rated at 1.5-2 megawatts o Supply about 500 homes

21. Wind Turbine Components

22. How a Wind Turbine Operates

23. Installation of Wind Turbines

24. Wind Turbine Perspective Nacelle 56 tons Tower 3 sections Workers Blade 112’ long

25. Wind Farms

26. Offshore Wind Farms

27. Residential Wind Systems and Net Metering

28. Potential Impacts and Issues  Property Values  Noise  Visual Impact  Land Use  Wildlife Impact Properly siting a wind turbine can mitigate many of these issues.

29. Impacts of Wind Power: Noise

30. Wildlife Impacts