1. LIBERALISM

2. Origins and development of liberalism Liberalism: was a product of the breakdown of feudalism in Europe (19 th c.) and influenced by the Enlightenment. reflected the aspirations of the rising middle classes more than absolutism. was revolutionary and radical. spread in the nineteenth century and had predominance in the West

3. Principles of liberalism Liberalism holds a central belief in personal autonomy and the prevalence of human reason. It principally values: freedom reason justice toleration

4. Classical liberalism Often called ‘nineteenth-century liberalism’, its principles still appear in liberal ideologies from the twentieth and twenty- first centuries. The belief in egoistical individualism, negative freedom, that the state is a ‘necessary evil’ and that civil society is ultimately a good thing.

5. natural rights utilitarianism economic liberalism social Darwinism neoliberalism Principles of classical liberalism

6. Sometimes described as ‘twentieth-century’ liberalism, and linked to the secondary effects of industrialization. Inequality in industrialized societies led modern liberals to re- evaluate the role of the state in rectifying the injustices and inequalities of civil society. Modern liberalism

7. Individuality Positive freedom Social liberalism Economic management Principles of modern liberalism

8. Global liberalism as neoliberalism Global liberalism as global democracy Global liberalism and cosmopolitanism The threat to global liberalism… Liberalism in a global age