1. Imperialism: Causes and Context

2. Background to Imperialism Old v. New Imperialism

3. “Old Imperialism”  After the Age of Exploration in the 1500-1600s, European countries took colonies in many other regions  From the 1500s until the Industrial Revolution, the countries of England, France, Holland, Portugal, and Spain were dominant  Fought wars over colonies, ex. French and Indian War

4. New Imperialism—Late 1800s  Reasons for imperialism:  Economic  Political  Social

5. Economic Reasons for Imperialism  Economic: Second Industrial Revolution led to an increased demand for raw materials such as tin, rubber, copper AND a new market for finished products

6. Political Reasons for Imperialism  Political: Increased Nationalism  Colonies represent political and economic power AND pride  “The sun never sets on the British Empire.”—literally!

7. Social Reasons for Imperialism  Social:  Belief in Social Darwinism  “White Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling  Religious desire to convert native peoples  Sending of missionaries to China, Africa

8. What Was New?  European Beliefs  That they could divide up huge regions (ex. Africa)  That racism was truly a science—eugenics  That they should use modern weapons to win colonies  Technology  Ability of mother countries to communicate more quickly  Scale of raw materials taken from colonies  Spheres of influence v. colonies (ex. China)  Dominant countries  Great Britain, United States, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan  Pace of settlement was increased

10. Case Study: India Britain Dominates

11. Examples of Imperialism: India  The British East India Company had a monopoly over trade in India since the 1600 CE, but it wasn’t considered to be an actual colony  Eighteenth Century:  1700-1750: British traded at posts along the coasts  1750s—Britain started to take over India  They started in the east and the southeast and continued in the rest of the country  The British army and Indian army members (sepoy) enforced order

12. Examples of Imperialism: Sepoy Rebellion, 1857  Rifle cartridges that the sepoys used were thought to have pig & cow fat on them, and that offended both the Muslim and the Hindu soldiers  Built-up frustration about British control  Started in West Bengal in the eastern part of the country  At first the rebellion was small, but the British responded harshly, so the rebellion grew quickly and spread; it lasted for a year

13. Examples of Imperialism: Effects of the Sepoy Rebellion  Effects  Thousands of casualties  Huge property damage in northern India  Rebuilding programs  Reorganizing the army and fixing the ratio of British to Indian soldiers  British government, not the East India Company, now clearly controlled the country as a colony

14. Case Study: China From isolation to forced trade

15. Examples of Imperialism: China  Britain traded with China [East India Company], but it was limited because the Chinese did not want a lot of British products and because they did not want to change their culture  Britain wanted a product that it could exchange for Chinese silver  Began growing opium in India and shipping it to China  Trade grew quickly, despite being illegal  Opium dens grew and the number of addicts grew

16. Examples of Imperialism: China—The Opium War  By 1830s, the Chinese government realized it had a BIG problem and destroyed 20,000 opium chests  This action started a war with Britain that lasted from 1839-1842  Treaty of Nanjing (1842) ended the war  Chinese had to  give British the island of Hong Kong  open several ports to British trade  allow British citizens to ignore Chinese laws  give British most-favored nation status

18. Examples of Imperialism: China  In addition to the Treaty of Nanjing (1842), other treaties were signed with many European powers and,  “By 1900,  ninety Chinese ports were under the effective control of foreign powers,  foreign merchants controlled much of the Chinese economy,  Christian missionaries sought converts throughout China,  and foreign gunboats patrolled Chinese waters” (Bentley, 719).

19. Examples of Imperialism: China  Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)  Leader: Hong Xiuquan  Goals:  Abolish private property  Prohibit footbinding and having concubines  Provide free public education  Simplify the written language  Equality of men and women  Threatened the government  Result: Foreign forces helped defeat the rebels, the leader committed suicide, famine conditions, and between 20-30 million people died

20. Examples of Imperialism: China  Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)  Boxers were upset at all of the foreigners coming into and controlling China  They called themselves the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists  Started in northern China and they killed foreigners, Christians, and even innocent people  They believed that foreigners could hurt them, so 140,000 Boxers stormed foreign embassies in summer 1900

21. Examples of Imperialism: China  Boxer Rebellion, continued  Foreign forces defeated them: coalition of British, French, Russian, U.S., German, and Japanese  The Chinese government had to pay money to these foreign powers and allow troops in Beijing  Because Empress Dowager Ci Xi had backed the Boxers, the people who wanted to start a revolution gained power

22. Examples of Imperialism: China  After the Boxer Rebellion, spheres of influence developed in which European countries each controlled trade in their particular region

23. Examples of Imperialism: Central and Southeast Asia  Russia took over Central Asia, the area from Afghanistan south  Britain took over Burma, Malaysia, and Singapore  France took over Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos  Pushed conversion to Catholicism

24. Examples of Imperialism: Japan  1853—Commodore Matthew Perry took a huge fleet to Japan and demanded that the U.S. be able to trade with Japan and use their ports

25. Examples of Imperialism: Japan  As western nations demanded trade with Japan, the Tokugawa Shogunate ended and the leaders started the Meiji Restoration  Emperor was just for show  Modernize and industrialize to be competitive  Japan developed a sphere of influence that extended to part of China, Manchuria, Taiwan, and Korea  By 1910, Japan was an imperial power

26. Case Study: Africa

27. Examples of Imperialism: Britain in Africa  Cecil Rhodes  He went to southern Africa in 1871  By 1889, he controlled 90% of the world’s diamond production  He later branched out to search for gold  After he was dominating economically, he tried to help Britain gain territory  He said, “We are the finest race in the world, and the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for the human race” (Bentley 731)

28. Examples of Imperialism: Africa  Berlin Conference, 1884-1885  Meeting in Berlin in which the main powers divided up the map of Africa  Competition heightened for Africa in the 1880s  Why? New inventions  Quinine to fight off malaria  First automatic machine gun  Steamship, railroad, telegraph  Suez Canal (1859)

29. Examples of Imperialism: Africa  The “scramble for Africa”  Between 1875-1900, Europe colonized most of Africa  Europeans wanted  raw materials  to be more powerful than each other

30. Examples of Imperialism: Africa  Congo Free State  King Leopold II of Belgium hired Henry Morton Stanley to explore and start businesses in this region  Forced natives to work in the rubber plantations  4-8 million killed  In 1908, it became the Belgian Congo, which was run by the Belgian government

31. Examples of Imperialism: Africa  South Africa  First settled in 1652 when the Dutch East India Company established Cape Town  Boers (Dutch farmers) later called Afrikaners  They believed that God had given the control over the natives  More settlers came in the 18 th c., and this led to more conflict

32. Examples of Imperialism: Africa  South Africa, continued  British conquered Cape during Napoleonic Wars and then outlawed slavery  Dutch slaveholders had to move to new areas  Discoveries:  Diamonds in 1867  Gold in 1886  Conflict over these resources led to the Boer War (1899- 1902)  British concentration camps in Namibia  British beat the Afrikaners and took over their land

34. Examples of Imperialism: Africa South Africa  1913—the Native Land Act was passed  This put the blacks into reservations  This system of separation or Apartheid lasted until the 1990s