1. What Is Stress? Chapter 1 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

2. 1-2 Chapter Overview Pioneers of stress research Pioneers of stress research Types of stress Types of stress Stress reactivity: General adaptation syndrome Stress reactivity: General adaptation syndrome Defining stress: eustress and distress Defining stress: eustress and distress Goals of stress management Goals of stress management

3. 1-3 Before we begin, ask yourself… What stresses you out? What stresses you out? How do you deal with stress? How do you deal with stress?

4. 1-4 Pioneers in Stress and Stress Management

5. 1-5 Walter Cannon First to describe the effects of acute stress First to describe the effects of acute stress Termed this stress reaction as the ______________________ Termed this stress reaction as the ______________________  The body’s stress reaction that includes a quick increase in heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol  A primitive response

6. 1-6 Hans Selye Studied the effects of _____________ (chronic) stress Studied the effects of _____________ (chronic) stress Summarized his findings by proposing a three-phase process called the general ___________ syndrome, a three-stage stress reaction Summarized his findings by proposing a three-phase process called the general ___________ syndrome, a three-stage stress reaction  alarm reaction  stage of resistance  stage of exhaustion

7. 1-7 An Example of the General Adaptation Syndrome in Action 1. Alarm phase: Being at a party but having social anxiety 2. Resistance phase: When others try to involve the socially anxious party guest, he experiences stress (perspiration, muscle tension, increased heart rate, etc.). 3. Exhaustion phase: If the social anxiety is experienced often, and over a long period of time, it can result in illness and disease such as coronary heart disease.

8. 1-8 Other Influential Researchers Simeons -- Related evolution to _____________ disease (twentieth century concept) Simeons -- Related evolution to _____________ disease (twentieth century concept) Wolff, LeShan, Engel -- Studied illness, disease, and stress Wolff, LeShan, Engel -- Studied illness, disease, and stress Friedman & Rosenman -- Identified relationship between stress and ______________________ Friedman & Rosenman -- Identified relationship between stress and ______________________ Simonton -- ____________ and cancer therapy Simonton -- ____________ and cancer therapy

9. 1-9 Coping techniques have developed over the years, including: Relaxation response (Benson) Relaxation response (Benson) Autogenic training (Schultz, Luthe) Autogenic training (Schultz, Luthe) Progressive muscular relaxation, bracing, imagery (Jacobson) Progressive muscular relaxation, bracing, imagery (Jacobson) Biofeedback (Budzynski) Biofeedback (Budzynski)

10. 1-10 Types of Stress Eustress: Good things to which one has to adapt and that can lead to a stress reaction Good things to which one has to adapt and that can lead to a stress reaction E.g., a job promotion E.g., a job promotionDistress: Bad things to which one has to adapt and that can lead to a stress reaction Bad things to which one has to adapt and that can lead to a stress reaction E.g., the death of a loved one E.g., the death of a loved one

11. 1-11 Stress Theory Several theories explain the causes of stress: Several theories explain the causes of stress: _______________ theory: Situation requires more resources than are available –______________ theory: One’s attitude toward the events determines stress –________________ theory: Insufficient social support for responding to event

12. 1-12 Allostatic Load Definition: The cumulative biological wear and tear that results from responses to stress that seek to maintain body equilibrium Definition: The cumulative biological wear and tear that results from responses to stress that seek to maintain body equilibrium McEwen’s conception of the Life Events Theory is based upon allostasis and allostatic load McEwen’s conception of the Life Events Theory is based upon allostasis and allostatic load

13. 1-13 The Stressor A stimulus with the potential to cause a stress ____________ A stimulus with the potential to cause a stress ____________ –biological –psychological –sociological –philosophical

14. 1-14 Stress Reactivity and Strain Stress reactivity: all effects are based on __________ and _________ of one’s physiological reaction Stress reactivity: all effects are based on __________ and _________ of one’s physiological reaction _________: the physical, psychological, and behavioral outcomes of stress reactivity _________: the physical, psychological, and behavioral outcomes of stress reactivity

15. 1-15 Strain Strains are the outcomes of reactivity Strains are the outcomes of reactivity Three types Three types –Physical (e.g., tension headaches) –Psychological (e.g., agoraphobia) –Behavioral (e.g., alcohol abuse)

16. 1-16 Gender Differences in Reactivity Females Females –Exhibit __________ activities –“Tend and befriend” –Use social groups Males Males –More ____________ response –Less use of social groups

17. 1-17 Stress Reactivity

18. 1-18 Definition of Stress The ______________ of a stressor, stress reactivity, and strain The ______________ of a stressor, stress reactivity, and strain Includes these components: Includes these components: –Stimulus –Response –Whole spectrum of interacting factors (Lazarus) –Stimulus-response interaction

19. 1-19 Is the glass half full or half empty? A situation can be stressful or not -- it depends on your __________ of the event A situation can be stressful or not -- it depends on your __________ of the event A response to stress can be effective or not -- it depends on your resources and coping strategies A response to stress can be effective or not -- it depends on your resources and coping strategies Refer to Table 1.2 Refer to Table 1.2

20. 1-20 Is the glass half full or half empty? Source: Adapted from Dealing with potential stress. Medical Self-Care No. 5 (1978): 11. Reprinted with permission of publisher.

21. 1-21 Relationship between stress and illness

22. 1-22 Health, Wellness, and Stress Health consists of seven dimensions: Health consists of seven dimensions: –Physical health, social health, mental health, emotional health, spiritual health, environmental health, occupational health Wellness is the degree to which these components of health are in ________ Wellness is the degree to which these components of health are in ________

23. 1-23 Goals for Stress Management Do not eliminate all stress Do not eliminate all stress Try to limit the harmful effects of stress Try to limit the harmful effects of stress Use as a motivator for peak performance Use as a motivator for peak performance Stress can be useful, stimulating, and welcome Stress can be useful, stimulating, and welcome

24. 1-24 What Is Stress? End Chapter 1 Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc/Getty Images