1. Topic 4.3 and 4.4 Carbon Cycling and Climate Change

2. Levels of Organization Carbon Nucleotides DNA Nucleus Cell Tissue Organ Organism Species Population Community Ecosystems Carbon, DNA, Cell, Organ, Species, Community Nucleotides, Nucleus, Tissue, Organism, Population, Ecosystem

3. The most important element to life on earth is: Carbon Where, on earth, is carbon found? proteins carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids carbon dioxide in air and water fossil fuels limestone volcanic gases http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/00/1d/c8/14/hawaii-volcanoes-national.jpg

4. How is carbon cycled?

5. Review Photosynthesis Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions

6. Review Respiration

8. C in aquatic ecosystems CO 2 + H 2 O  H 2 CO 3 H 2 CO 3  H + + HCO 3 - Carbonic acid H ions influence the pH

9. Producers absorb CO2 Consumers release CO2 Decomposers?

10. What happens when a whale dies? Other organisms consume quickly (hagfishes, sleeper sharks) Decomposers (bacteria)

11. Methane Gas in Carbon Cycle Methanogenic archaens

12. Fossil Fuels Peat: waterlogged soil Peat is spongy, high levels of water (high acidity) create a force Anaerobic Respiration

13. More Fossil Fuels Peat  coal Lithification: molecules compacted and rearranged into long chains Petroleum Products ex: crude oil, natural gas

15. CO 2 is produced by combustion of biomass and fossilized organic matter Animals such as reef-building corals and mollusks have hard parts composed of calcium carbonate and can be fossilized in limestone

16. http://www.seed.slb.com/en/scictr/watch/climate_change/images/carbonDioxideLevels.jpg

17. Carbon cycles throughout the ecosystems on earth - take notes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Vwa6qtEih8 Over the past 100 years, CO 2 levels in the atmosphere have increases 25%. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Vwa6qtEih8&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PLEA278393379656C7

19. Climate Change

20. The Greenhouse effect Our earth and atmosphere act like a green house: 1. Sunlight enters the atmosphere because it’s gases are transparent to light. 2. Most of the light is reflected back into space. 3. Some light is absorbed by the soil, water and plants on earth. 4. The wavelengths of this light lengthen, becoming heat. 5. These wavelengths are trapped in the atmosphere making earth’s atmosphere warmer than space. http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/spacecraft-re-entry-4.jpg

21. Gases that are responsible for the natural greenhouse affect are: **water vapor** methane **carbon dioxide** nitrous oxide ozone CFC’c (chloroflourocarbons) http://www.qualitas1998.net/paul/uploaded_images/greenhouse_effect-774630.jpg

22. The impact of a gas depends on its ability to absorb longer wavelength radiation (heat) and the concentration of that gas in the atmosphere

23. For example. Methane has a greater potential to warm the planet but has short lifespan: a. cattle ranching http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2248/2484484725_022c53b77b.jpg?v=0 b. landfills c. production and distribution of natural gas (leaks) http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/landfill2.jpg http://www.inspect-ny.com/plumbing/LP_Gas_Tank025-DFs.jpg

24. http://www.sciam.com/media/inline/E6C13702-B86F-C76F-5C6469DDDEE944A5_1.jpg Greenhouse gases produced by human activity which retain heat the most are: Carbon Dioxide: a. burning fossil fuels (coal, oil) b. deforestation (farmland, cooking and heating) http://www.planttreesaveplanet.com/documents/deforestation_borneo.jpg http://www.css.cornell.edu/ecf3/Web/new/AF/pics/SlashBurn7.jpg

25. Less concentration, thus less concern Oxides of nitrogen: a. burning fossil fuels with catalytic converters b. fertilizers c. industrial production of nitric acid (used for wood and metal working and explosives) http://www.cse-ipg.com/images/Fertilizer.jpg http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/200707/r157257_569758.jpg

26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Hs FipCm9tI&feature=related but especially cows http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HsFipCm9tI&feature=related

29. Temperature vs. Climate

30. Industrial Revolution What is the general trend? Level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by more than 35%

31. Recent increase in CO2

32. Threats to coral reefs Death of coral reefs: bleaching Interrupts ecosystem Many organisms live in corals for food and shelter

33. Correlations between global temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations on Earth Polar Bears https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=yzD7z zsRw_k

34. Count off by 4, get in groups Refute the claims made by those who disagree with global warming

35. Evaluating claims that human activities are not causing climate change Climate change is a theory, not a fact Evidence: temperature increase, extreme weather events, record temperatures, receding glaciers

36. Challenge from criticsPossible responses from climatologists Many scientists disagree and have published research showing that climate change is not due to human activity Models predict higher temperature increases, but that is not happening. Fossil fuels increasing, so why aren’t temperatures increasing equally fast? Huge fluctuations in climate in the past, and the current changes that we are seeing in recent decades are natural. Reducing CO2 will have a severe negative economic effect

37. Challenge from criticsPossible responses from climatologists Many scientists disagree and have published research showing that climate change is not due to human activity Often, those scientists are not climatologists and quoting out-of- date or refuted data. In other instances, scientists only disagree on the quantity of change Models predict higher temperature increases, but that is not happening. Fossil fuels increasing, so why aren’t temperatures increasing equally fast? Huge fluctuations in climate in the past, and the current changes that we are seeing in recent decades are natural. Reducing CO2 will have a severe negative economic effect

38. Challenge from criticsPossible responses from climatologists Many scientists disagree and have published research showing that climate change is not due to human activity Often, those scientists are not climatologists and quoting out-of- date or refuted data. In other instances, scientists only disagree on the quantity of change Models predict higher temperature increases, but that is not happening. Fossil fuels increasing, so why aren’t temperatures increasing equally fast? Climatology is complex, aerosols diffuse sunlight causing lower temperatures; these are cancelling out some of the predicted warning Huge fluctuations in climate in the past, and the current changes that we are seeing in recent decades are natural. Reducing CO2 will have a severe negative economic effect

39. Challenge from criticsPossible responses from climatologists Many scientists disagree and have published research showing that climate change is not due to human activity Often, those scientists are not climatologists and quoting out-of- date or refuted data. In other instances, scientists only disagree on the quantity of change Models predict higher temperature increases, but that is not happening. Fossil fuels increasing, so why aren’t temperatures increasing equally fast? Climatology is complex, aerosols diffuse sunlight causing lower temperatures; these are cancelling out some of the predicted warning Huge fluctuations in climate in the past, and the current changes that we are seeing in recent decades are natural. Warming and cooling happens over thousands or millions of years; the changes we see now are happening on a scale of decades Reducing CO2 will have a severe negative economic effect

40. Challenge from criticsPossible responses from climatologists Many scientists disagree and have published research showing that climate change is not due to human activity Often, those scientists are not climatologists and quoting out-of- date or refuted data. In other instances, scientists only disagree on the quantity of change Models predict higher temperature increases, but that is not happening. Fossil fuels increasing, so why aren’t temperatures increasing equally fast? Climatology is complex, aerosols diffuse sunlight causing lower temperatures; these are cancelling out some of the predicted warning Huge fluctuations in climate in the past, and the current changes that we are seeing in recent decades are natural. Warming and cooling happens over thousands or millions of years; the changes we see now are happening on a scale of decades Reducing CO2 will have a severe negative economic effect Cost of fixing these new problems is difficult, more economic burdens caused by extreme weather events, droughts, flooding, melt water

41. Challenge from criticsPossible responses from climatologists Climate change is a theory, not a factEvidence: temperature increase, extreme weather events, record temperatures, receding glaciers Many scientists disagree and have published research showing that climate change is not due to human activity Often, those scientists are not climatologists and quoting out-of- date or refuted data. In other instances, scientists only disagree on the quantity of change Models predict higher temperature increases, but that is not happening. Fossil fuels increasing, so why aren’t temperatures increasing equally fast? Climatology is complex, aerosols diffuse sunlight causing lower temperatures; these are cancelling out some of the predicted warning Huge fluctuations in climate in the past, and the current changes that we are seeing in recent decades are natural. Warming and cooling happens over thousands or millions of years; the changes we see now are happening on a scale of decades Reducing CO2 will have a severe negative economic effect Cost of fixing these new problems is difficult, more economic burdens caused by extreme weather events, droughts, flooding, melt water

42. End.