1. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 14 Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk

2. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Emotional and Social Develop- ment in Early Adulthood (1/2) Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk I.A Gradual Transition: Emerging Adulthood A.Self-Concept as Adult 18-25 and 28-35 B.Is “emerging adulthood” universal? C.Risk and Resilience in Emerging Adulthood II.Erikson’s Theory: Intimacy vs. Isolation III.Levinson’s Seasons of Life, George Vaillant IV.Relationships A.Romantic Love: evolution or social learning? B.Sternberg: Triangular Theory of Love C.Friendships V.A LIFESPAN VISTA: Childhood Attachment Patterns and Adult Romantic Relationships

3. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Emotional and Social Develop- ment in Early Adulthood (2/2) Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk VI. The Family Cycle (Marriage-Childrearing- Launching) VII. The Diversity of Adult Lifestyles A.Singlehood B.Cohabitation C.Divorce and Remarriage VIII.Variant Styles of Parenthood A.Never-married single parents B.Gay and lesbian parents IX.Career Development A.Establishing a career; changing jobs B.Women and Ethnic Minorities C.Work and Family

4. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Explore alternatives in:  Education  Work  Personal values and behavior  But, moratorium is expensive!  Routes to adult responsibility vary in:  Timing  Order  Develop a more complex self- concept © mimagephotography/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk I. Emerging Adulthood

5. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Religious practice falls in late teens and twenties: 1 in 4 U.S. 18- to 29-year-olds unaffiliated with a particular faith  Religion remains more important to U.S. young people than in other developed nations  Many construct individualized faith, weaving together diverse traditions Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Religion in Emerging Adulthood

6. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 14.1 (Adapted from Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, 2010.) Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Religiosity Among Cohorts of U.S. 18- to 29-Year-Olds

7. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  “Generation me” controversy:  Is there increased narcissism and materialism?  Cohort evidence questions these claims  Involvement in volunteerism, community service  Voter turnout © michaeljung/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Beginnings of Generativity?

8. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Education  Entry-level positions require more education  Wealth, longevity free young people from immediate entry to work force  SES factors:  Middle- and high SES in industrialized nations  Wealthy, privileged few in developing countries  Some researchers question whether emerging adulthood is a distinct period Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Education, SES, and Emerging Adulthood

9. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Resilience  Cognitive attributes  Emotional attributes  Social attributes  Social support © Andresr/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Fostering Success in Emerging Adulthood

10. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Resilience

11. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Intimacy  Making a permanent commitment to intimate partner  Redefining identity  Secure identity associated with fidelity Isolation  Loneliness, self- absorption  State of searching Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © AVAVA/Shutterstock II. Erikson’s Theory: Intimacy versus Isolation

12. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk © AVAVA/Shutterstock Erikson’s Theory: Positive vs. Negative Tracks Positive  Identity  Intimacy  Generativity Negative  Role confusion  Isolation  Stagnation

13. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Early adult transition  Dream  Women have “split dreams”  Mentor  “Age-30 transition”  Men “settle down”  Women remain unsettled  Occupational or relationship commitments © dotshock/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk III. Levinson’s Seasons of Life

14. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20sIntimacy concerns 30sCareer consolidation 40sGenerativity 50s and 60s“Keepers of meaning” 70sSpirituality and reflection Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Vaillant’s Adaptation to Life in Men

15. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Age-graded expectations for life events  Less rigid than in earlier generations  Following a social clock lends confidence, contributes to social stability  Distress if not following or falling behind © chaoss/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk The Social Clock

16. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Most select partners similar to themselves  Gender differences in mate choice:  Women seek: intelligence, ambition, financial status, and moral character  Men seek: attractiveness and domestic skills  Evolutionary perspective  Social learning view  Higher value placed on attributes that contribute to relationship satisfaction © arek_malang/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk IV. Relationships: Selecting a Mate

17. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Attachment History Working ModelAdult Relationships Secure Comfortable with intimacy; unafraid of abandonment Trust, happiness, friendship Avoidant Emphasize independence, mistrust, anxiety about closeness Jealousy, emotional distance, little physical pleasure, unrealistic beliefs Resistant Seek quick love, complete merging Jealousy, desperation, emotional highs and lows Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk V. Childhood Attachment Patterns and Adult Romantic Relationships

18. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Intimacy: warm, tender concern  Passionate love: sexual attraction  Companionate love: affection and caregiving  Passionate love early, companionate love later  Passion gradually fades, while intimacy and commitment strengthen © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Triangular Theory of Love

19. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Triangular Theory of Love

20. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Loneliness

21. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Friends  Are usually similar in age, sex, SES, interests  Enhance self-esteem, make life more interesting  Trust, intimacy, loyalty continue to be important  Contributions of social media  Siblings as friends © Adam Gregor/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Friendships in Early Adulthood

22. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Same-Sex Friendships  Gender differences: women’s more intimate  Individual differences: longer friendships more intimate Other-Sex Friendships  Fewer than same-sex friendships  Educated, employed women have largest number  Benefits to both genders:  Men: opportunity for emotional expressiveness  Women: objective points of view Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Gender and Friendship

23. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Early adulthood:  Leaving home  Joining of families in marriage  Parenthood  Middle adulthood:  Launching children  Late adulthood:  Retirement  Death of spouse © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk VI. Family Life Cycle

24. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Average age of leaving increased over last 50 years  Financial dependence is a factor  More than 50% leave, then return briefly  Culture, SES, ethnicity affect ability to leave, interest in leaving  Parents highly committed to helping young people move into adult roles Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Leaving Home

25. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Marrying later  90% marry at least once  Fewer marriages  Staying single, cohabiting, not remarrying after divorce  Trend toward legalization of same-sex marriage © Pitcha Torranin/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Trends in Marriage

26. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Traditional  Clear division of roles  Woman: cares for husband, children, home  Man: head of household; responsible for economic well-being Egalitarian  Partners as equals  Share power, authority  Balance in attention to jobs, children, home, spouse  Most well-educated women expect this form of marriage Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Traditional and Egalitarian Marriages

27. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Gender and Housework Hours

28. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 14.2 (From L. P. Cooke, 2010, “The Politics of Housework,” in J. Treas & S. Drobnic, [Eds.], Dividing the Domestic: Men, Women, and Household Work in Cross ‐ National Perspective, p. 70. Copyright © 2010 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Jr. University. Adapted with the permission of Stanford University Press, www.sup.org.) Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Gender and Housework Hours

29. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Family backgrounds (similar or different)  Age at marriage (early 20s vs. later)  Timing of first pregnancy (before or after 1 st year)  Relationship to extended family  Marital patterns in extended family  Financial and employment status (secure or not)  Family responsibilities (shared or woman’s)  Personality characteristics (positive or negative) Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Factors Related to Marital Satisfaction

30. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Committed by both men and women, but women more likely to be seriously injured  Violence–remorse cycles common, related to:  Personality  Developmental history  Family circumstances  Culture  Existing treatments not very effective; need whole-family approach, services for men Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Partner Abuse

31. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 14.3 (From Kaya & Cook, 2010; World Health Organization, 2000, 2005.) Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Assaults by Intimate Partners Against Women

32. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  In the US,fewer married couples have children (down to 70%)  Delay having first child  Decline in family size: U.S. average of 2.1 children per woman © Rob Marmion/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Trends in Having Children

33. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Advantages  Warmth, affection  Stimulation, fun  Growth, learning experiences  Carry on legacy  Sense of accomplishment Disadvantages  Loss of freedom  Role overload  Financial strain: $200K+  Impinge on woman’s career Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Decision to Have Children

34. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Parental roles  Often become more traditional with first birth  With second birth, pull back from traditional roles  Typically mild decline in relationship satisfaction; sharing caregiving predicts happiness  Later parenthood eases transition  Attainment of occupational goals  More life experience  Stronger relationship Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Transition to Parenthood

35. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Increasing: 8%–10% remain single for life  Gender differences:  Women more likely to stay single  More well-educated women, uneducated men single after age 30 (the Marriage Gradient)  Ethnic differences: African Americans single longer  Stressful periods:  Late twenties  Mid-thirties for women Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk VII. Diversity of Adult Lifestyles: Singlehood

36. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Increase in unmarried, sexually intimate couples living together  Preparation for marriage vs. alternative to marriage:  In Western Europe, cohabiters nearly as committed as married people  U.S. couples who cohabit before engagement more likely to divorce  Homosexual cohabiters report strong relationship commitment © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Cohabitation

37. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Involuntary  No parenthood partner  Infertile  May be dissatisfied  Voluntary (DINKS)  Usually college-educated and committed to prestigious jobs  About 20% of women © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Childlessness

38. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Stabilized since 1980s  In United States, about 45%  Most common times: first seven years, midlife  Young children and adolescents involved © Yuriy Rudyy/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Divorce Rates

39. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Ineffective problem solving  Separate lives  Major problems: infidelity, money issues, substance abuse  Background factors: age, religion, prior divorce, family background  SES  Gender roles, expectations Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Causes and Factors in Divorce

40. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Major change in life and self-image  Opportunities for positive and negative outcomes  Immediate consequences generally subside in two years  Disrupted social networks  Decline in social support  Increased anxiety, depression, impulsivity  Traditional women and noncustodial fathers may have more problems  New partner enhances life satisfaction  More crucial for men Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Consequences of Divorce

41. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Most remarry within four years of divorce  Men sooner than women  Vulnerable to breakup:  Too focused on practical matters  Carry over negative interaction patterns  More likely to view divorce as acceptable resolution  Stepfamily stress  Takes three to five years to blend new family  Education, couples/family counseling can help Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Remarriage After Divorce

42. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Stepparents  Never-married single parents  Gay and lesbian parents © Stuart Jenner/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk VIII. Variant Styles of Parenthood

43. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Stepmothers experience more parent– child conflict  Stepfathers with children establish positive bonds faster  Relationship quality varies widely  Higher divorce rate for remarried couples with stepchildren Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Stepparents

44. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Affects about 11% of U.S. children  Predominantly African-American women: reliance on extended family  Increased financial hardship for low-SES women  Paternal involvement  Reliability of biological father  Stepfather–stepchild relationships © H. Tuller/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Never-Married Single Parents

45. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  20%–35% of lesbians, 5%–15% of gay men  Children of heterosexual past relationships, adoption, or assisted reproduction  Children do not differ from peers cognitively or socially  May build “families of choice”  Stigma is a major concern © Dubova/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Gay and Lesbian Parents

46. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Disappointment near start of career is common  National economy affects career paths  Many job changes in twenties  Adjust expectations to opportunities to advance  Effective mentors enhance adjustment and success © Odua Images/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk IX. Career Development in Early Adulthood

47. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Discontinuous career paths: leave for child rearing, family care  Gender gap in salary affected by college major choice  Low self-efficacy for male-dominated fields  Gender stereotyping  Few mentoring opportunities Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Challenges to Women’s Career Development

48. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Racial bias in workplace remains strong  Harder to find a job  Harder to improve employability  Ethnic minority women face combined gender and racial discrimination  Successful women have a high sense of self-efficacy © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Ethnic Minorities’ Career Development

49. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Dual-earner marriages are common; most have children  Role overload  Workplace supports: time-flexible policies  Effective balancing benefits both home and work life © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Work–Family Balance

50. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk