1. The Texas Revolution Chapter 11, Section 2

2. Spanish rule The US claimed that Texas was part of the Louisiana Purchase (1803). The US claimed that Texas was part of the Louisiana Purchase (1803). Spain objected Spain objected Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)– The US gave up any claims to Texas Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)– The US gave up any claims to Texas At the time, there were very few people living in Texas (Tejanos) At the time, there were very few people living in Texas (Tejanos) Spain tried to encourage people to settle in Texas. Spain tried to encourage people to settle in Texas.

3. Attracting settlers to Texas The Spanish offered vast tracts of land to people who agreed to settle their families in Texas. The Spanish offered vast tracts of land to people who agreed to settle their families in Texas. The people who received these land grants and recruited other were called empresarios. The people who received these land grants and recruited other were called empresarios. Moses Austin, from Missouri, was the first to receive a land grant but before he could establish his colony he died of pneumonia Moses Austin, from Missouri, was the first to receive a land grant but before he could establish his colony he died of pneumonia

4. Stephen Austin and the Old 300 Moses’ son, Stephen Austin, took over organizing the colony and recruited 300 American families to settle in the fertile lands along the Brazos and Colorado Rivers. Moses’ son, Stephen Austin, took over organizing the colony and recruited 300 American families to settle in the fertile lands along the Brazos and Colorado Rivers. These first American settlers in Texas came to be known as the “Old 300” These first American settlers in Texas came to be known as the “Old 300” Many received 960 acres of land with additional acres for each child. Many received 960 acres of land with additional acres for each child. Austin’s success made him a leader in Texas Austin’s success made him a leader in Texas

5. Mexican Colonization Laws From 1823-1825 Mexico passed a series of colonization laws From 1823-1825 Mexico passed a series of colonization laws Offered large tracts of land at extremely low prices and reduced or no taxes for several years. Offered large tracts of land at extremely low prices and reduced or no taxes for several years. In return the settlers agreed to: become Mexican citizens; covert to Catholicsm; obey Mexican law. In return the settlers agreed to: become Mexican citizens; covert to Catholicsm; obey Mexican law.

6. Growing Tension The Mexican government had hoped to attract settlers from all over but most of the settlers came from the US. The Mexican government had hoped to attract settlers from all over but most of the settlers came from the US. By 1830, Americans in Texas far out- numbered Mexicans and these Americans had not adopted Mexican ways. By 1830, Americans in Texas far out- numbered Mexicans and these Americans had not adopted Mexican ways. The US had twice offered to buy Texas from Mexico The US had twice offered to buy Texas from Mexico

7. Growing Tension The Mexican government viewed the growing American influence with alarm The Mexican government viewed the growing American influence with alarm Issued a decree (official order) that stopped all immigration from the US and encouraged immigration from other parts of Mexico and Europe Issued a decree (official order) that stopped all immigration from the US and encouraged immigration from other parts of Mexico and Europe Discouraged trade with the US by placing a tax on goods from the US Discouraged trade with the US by placing a tax on goods from the US

8. Growing Tensions These new policies angered the Texans These new policies angered the Texans Many had friends and family that wanted to come to Texas. Many had friends and family that wanted to come to Texas. The prosperity of many depended on trade with the US The prosperity of many depended on trade with the US Those with slaves felt uneasy about the Mexican government’s plan to end slavery Those with slaves felt uneasy about the Mexican government’s plan to end slavery

9. Attempt at Reconciliation Some settlers called out for independence Some settlers called out for independence The settlers sent Stephen Austin with their demands (remove the ban on settlers and make Texas a separate Mexican state) The settlers sent Stephen Austin with their demands (remove the ban on settlers and make Texas a separate Mexican state) Gen. Santa Anna (mex. prez) agreed to the first but not the second Gen. Santa Anna (mex. prez) agreed to the first but not the second Austin sent a letter to Texas suggesting that plans for independence get underway Austin sent a letter to Texas suggesting that plans for independence get underway

10. New Mexican Government The letter was intercepted and Austin was thrown in jail. The letter was intercepted and Austin was thrown in jail. Santa Anna overthrew Mexico’s constitution and named himself as dictator Santa Anna overthrew Mexico’s constitution and named himself as dictator Without a constitution to protect their rights Texans felt betrayed Without a constitution to protect their rights Texans felt betrayed

11. The Struggle for Independence In 1835, Santa Anna sent the army into Texas to punish the Texans for criticizing him. In 1835, Santa Anna sent the army into Texas to punish the Texans for criticizing him. In Oct., Mexican troops tried to seize a cannon at the city of Gonzales. In Oct., Mexican troops tried to seize a cannon at the city of Gonzales. The Texans put a flag near the cannon which read “Come and Take it!” The Texans put a flag near the cannon which read “Come and Take it!” After a brief skirmish, the Mexicans were driven back. After a brief skirmish, the Mexicans were driven back. Gonzales in considered to be the first battle in the War for Texas Independence Gonzales in considered to be the first battle in the War for Texas Independence

13. The Texans called for volunteers to fight offering free land to anyone that would help. The Texans called for volunteers to fight offering free land to anyone that would help. Several Americans including the legendary Davy Crockett answered the call Several Americans including the legendary Davy Crockett answered the call In 1835, the Texans scored an important victory after liberating San Antonio from Mexican control. In 1835, the Texans scored an important victory after liberating San Antonio from Mexican control. Many thought the war was over… instead of preparing for war there was bickering over what to do next Many thought the war was over… instead of preparing for war there was bickering over what to do next

14. The Alamo Santa Anna furious over the loss at San Antonio marched the Mexican army north into Texas reaching San Antonio in Feb 1836. Santa Anna furious over the loss at San Antonio marched the Mexican army north into Texas reaching San Antonio in Feb 1836. The Texan forces were barricaded in a nearby mission called The Alamo The Texan forces were barricaded in a nearby mission called The Alamo The Texans had cannons but little gunpowder. In addition they had only 180 men against the several thousand of Santa Anna The Texans had cannons but little gunpowder. In addition they had only 180 men against the several thousand of Santa Anna

15. The Alamo The Texans did have brave leaders though The Texans did have brave leaders though Davy Crockett who had just arrived with a band of Tennessee sharpshooters Davy Crockett who had just arrived with a band of Tennessee sharpshooters a tough Texan, the legendary Jim Bowie a tough Texan, the legendary Jim Bowie Col. William Travis, the commander at the Alamo, was determined to hold his position and managed to send out several messages urgently requesting reinforcements Col. William Travis, the commander at the Alamo, was determined to hold his position and managed to send out several messages urgently requesting reinforcements

16. The Alamo For 12 long days, the defenders of the Alamo held off their Mexican attackers For 12 long days, the defenders of the Alamo held off their Mexican attackers On March 6, 1836, Mexican cannon fire smashed the Alamo walls and the Mexicans launched an all-out attack On March 6, 1836, Mexican cannon fire smashed the Alamo walls and the Mexicans launched an all-out attack Although the Texans killed many of the Mexican troops there were just too many and the Alamo was overrun Although the Texans killed many of the Mexican troops there were just too many and the Alamo was overrun

17. The Alamo Only a few women and children survived the battle. Only a few women and children survived the battle. “They fought more like devils than like men” (Santa Anna) “They fought more like devils than like men” (Santa Anna) The defenders of the Alamo had killed several hundred Mexican soldiers but more importantly they had bought Texas some much needed time The defenders of the Alamo had killed several hundred Mexican soldiers but more importantly they had bought Texas some much needed time

18. Texas Declaration of Independence Four days before the fall of the Alamo, Texas leaders declared independence from Mexico (similar to the US Declaration of Independence) Four days before the fall of the Alamo, Texas leaders declared independence from Mexico (similar to the US Declaration of Independence) With Mexican troops in Texas, it was not possible to vote for ratification and to elect new leaders. With Mexican troops in Texas, it was not possible to vote for ratification and to elect new leaders. Sam Houston was named commander of the Texan army Sam Houston was named commander of the Texan army

19. Goliad (The Goliad Massacre) Sam Houston did not want other forts to be overrun by the Mexicans Sam Houston did not want other forts to be overrun by the Mexicans He order the Texans at Goliad to abandon their position He order the Texans at Goliad to abandon their position During their retreat, they met the Mexican Army. A brief fight ensued by the Texans surrendered. During their retreat, they met the Mexican Army. A brief fight ensued by the Texans surrendered. Under the orders of Santa Anna, the Texans who surrendered were all executed. Under the orders of Santa Anna, the Texans who surrendered were all executed.

20. The Battle of San Jacinto Houston moved his army, now numbering 900, east. Houston moved his army, now numbering 900, east. watching and waiting for the opportunity to attack Santa Anna watching and waiting for the opportunity to attack Santa Anna The opportunity came at San Jacinto near present-day Houston. The opportunity came at San Jacinto near present-day Houston.

21. The Battle of San Jacinto In a surprise early morning attack, the Texans attacked yelling “Remember the Alamo!” and “Remember Goliad!” In a surprise early morning attack, the Texans attacked yelling “Remember the Alamo!” and “Remember Goliad!” They killed more than 600 of the 1300 Mexican soldiers and captured 700 more including Santa Anna himself. They killed more than 600 of the 1300 Mexican soldiers and captured 700 more including Santa Anna himself. Santa Anna signed a treaty that recognized Texas independence. Santa Anna signed a treaty that recognized Texas independence.

22. The Lone Star Republic Texans elected Sam Houston as their first president in September 1836. Texans elected Sam Houston as their first president in September 1836. Houston sent a letter to Washington, DC asking the United States to annex– take control– of Texas. Houston sent a letter to Washington, DC asking the United States to annex– take control– of Texas. Pres. Jackson refused because adding Texas would upset the balance between slave and free states Pres. Jackson refused because adding Texas would upset the balance between slave and free states

23. The Question of Annexation Despite rapid population growth, the new republic faced many difficulties Despite rapid population growth, the new republic faced many difficulties 1. The Mexican government refused to honor Santa Anna’s recognition of independence. 2. fighting continued 3. enormous debt

24. The Question of Annexation Southern states favored the annexation of Texas Southern states favored the annexation of Texas Northern states objected because of slavery Northern states objected because of slavery MVB did not want to inflame the slavery issue or go to war with Mexico over Texas MVB did not want to inflame the slavery issue or go to war with Mexico over Texas John Tyler favored annexation of Texas and persuaded Texas to apply but was defeated in the Senate John Tyler favored annexation of Texas and persuaded Texas to apply but was defeated in the Senate

25. The Question of Annexation The situation changed with the election of 1844 The situation changed with the election of 1844 Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny Polk supported control of Oregon and Texas…Clay initially opposed annexation of Texas but later came out in favor of it Polk supported control of Oregon and Texas…Clay initially opposed annexation of Texas but later came out in favor of it This flip-flop lost him votes in the North and the election This flip-flop lost him votes in the North and the election

26. The Question of Annexation After Polk’s victory, supporter’s of annexation pressed the issue in Congress After Polk’s victory, supporter’s of annexation pressed the issue in Congress On December 29, 1845, Texas officially became a state. On December 29, 1845, Texas officially became a state. Texas was the 28 th state…Florida, admitted on March 3 rd of the same year, was 27th Texas was the 28 th state…Florida, admitted on March 3 rd of the same year, was 27th