1. Chapter #2
ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS

2. ENGINEERING DRAWING Drawing Classification of drawing
Engineering drawing/definitions/applications
Projection/definition/principle
Orthographic projections/definition/principle
Principal Planes of projections
Principal views
Position of an object in different quadrants
Angle of projection
Concept of profile views

3. DRAWING Graphical representation of an object is called drawing.
Representing an object using lines, arcs, circles, etc which gives some meaning to the reader is called drawing.
Universal language of Engineers.
Graphic language of Engineers.
Mode of communication through sketches is called Graphic language.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF DRAWING

5. ENGINEERING DRAWING
Drawings drawn by an engineer, using engineering instruments, engineering concepts, engineering principles, engineering processes etc used only for engineering applications.

6. PRINCIPLE OF PROJECTION

7. PRINCIPLE OF PROJECTION
WHAT IS THE NEED ?

8. GEOMETRICAL OBJECTS Dimensionless objects One dimensional objects
Two dimensional objects
Three dimensional objects

9. EXAMPLES POINT IS A DIMENSIONLESS OBJECT
LINE IS A ONE DIMENSIONAL OBJECT
PLANE/ LAMINA IS A TWO DIMENSIONAL OBJECT
SOLID IS A THREE DIMENSIONAL OBJECT

10. ACTUAL DRAWINGS REQUIRED FOR FABRICATION/ CONSTRUCTION OR MANUFACTUREING

19. PROJECTION
Principles of Projection invented by French Mathematician, GASPARD MONGE in 1800.
Today it has become an indispensable tool of an engineer to transform his ideas into reality.
The word projection is a latin word, meaning “to throw forward”

20. PRINCIPLE OF PROJECTION
FILM
PROJECTOR
RAY OF LIGHT
VIEW
LIGHT SOURCE
RAY OF LIGHT
OBJECT
LENS
PLANE OF PROJECTION
PRINCIPLE OF PROJECTION
SCREEN

21. PRINCIPLE OF PROJECTION
PLANE OF PROJECTION
RAYS OF SIGHT
MEAN POSITION
OBJECT
GROUND

22. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
OBJECT
PROJECTORS
LIGHT RAYS
PLANE OF PROJECTION
LIGHT RAYS
SOURCE 
LIGHT RAYS
PROJECTORS

23. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Orthographic projection is a means of representing a three-dimensional (3D) object in two dimensions (2D). It uses multiple views of the object.

24. PRINCIPAL PLANES OF PROJECTIONS
VERTICAL PLANE [VP]
HORIZONTAL PLANE [HP]
PROFILE PLANES [PP]
a) LEFT PROFILE PLANE [LPP]
b) RIGHT PROFILE PLANE [RPP]

25. PRINCIPAL VIEWS FRONT VIEW [ELEVATION] TOP VIEW [PLAN]
PROFILE VIEWS [END VIEWS]
a. RIGHT END VIEW
b. LEFT END VIEW

26. POSITIONS OF OBJECT IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS
VERTICAL
PLANE
HORIZONTAL
PLANE

27. VP
II QUADRANT
I QUADRANT
OBSERVER DIRECTION HP HP
III QUADRANT
I V QUADRANT VP

28. VP
II QUADRANT
I QUADRANT
ABOVE HP
INFRONT OF VP
ABOVE HP
BEHIND VP
OBSERVER DIRECTION HP HP
BELOW HP
INFRONT OF VP
BELOW HP
BEHIND VP
III QUADRANT
I V QUADRANT VP

29. VP
II QUADRANT
I QUADRANT
ABOVE HP
INFRONT OF VP
INFRONT OF RPP
INFRONT OF LPP
ABOVE HP
BEHIND VP
BEHIND RPP
BEHIND LPP
OBSERVER DIRECTION HP HP
BELOW HP
INFRONT OF VP
INFRONT OF RPP
INFRONT OF LPP
BELOW HP
BEHIND VP
BEHIND RPP
BEHIND LPP
III QUADRANT
I V QUADRANT VP

30. RPP
LPP VP HP
LEFT VIEW
RIGHTVIEW
RIGHT VIEW IS PROJECTED ON LPP
LEFT VIEW IS PROJECTED ON RPP
OBJECT IS ALWAYS INFRONT OF VP, RPP,LPP.
POINT IS ALWAYS LIES BETWEEN OBSERVER AND PLANE
1ST QUADRANT

31. RPP
LPP VP HP
LEFT VIEW
RIGHTVIEW
RIGHT VIEW IS PROJECTED ON RPP
LEFT VIEW IS PROJECTED ON LPP
POINT IS ALWAYS BEHIND VP, RPP,LPP.
PLANE ALWAYS LIES BETWEEN OBSERVER AND THE POINT
FRONT VIEW
2ND QUADRANT

32. RPP
LPP VP HP
LEFT VIEW
RIGHTVIEW
RIGHT VIEW IS PROJECTED ON RPP
LEFT VIEW IS PROJECTED ON LPP
POINT ALWAYS BEHIND VP, RPP,LPP.
PLANE ALWAYS LIES BETWEEN OBSERVER AND THE POINT
FRONT VIEW
3RD QUADRANT

33. 4TH QUADRANT
RIGHTVIEW VP
RPP HP
LEFT VIEW
LPP
OBJECT IS ALWAYS INFRONT OF VP, RPP,LPP.
POINT ALWAYS LIES BETWEEN OBSERVER AND PLANE
RIGHT VIEW IS PROJECTED ON LPP
LEFT VIEW IS PROJECTED ON RPP

34. FIRST ANGLE
PROJECTION

35. VP
I QUADRANT
II QUADRANT F V
OBSERVER DIRECTION HP TV HP
III QUADRANT
I V QUADRANT VP

36. VP
I QUADRANT
II QUADRANT F V HP
OBSERVER DIRECTION HP TV
III QUADRANT
I V QUADRANT VP

37. VP
I QUADRANT
II QUADRANT F V
OBSERVER DIRECTION HP TV HP
III QUADRANT
I V QUADRANT VP

38. VP
I QUADRANT
II QUADRANT F V
OBSERVER DIRECTION HP TV
III QUADRANT
I V QUADRANT VP HP

39. CONVENTION FOR FIRST ANGLE
FRONT VIEW VP X Y HP
TOP VIEW

40. SECOND ANGLE
PROJECTION

41. II QUADRANT VP
I QUADRANT F V
OBSERVER DIRECTION HP TV HP
III QUADRANT
I V QUADRANT VP

42. CONVENTION FOR FIRST ANGLETV FV HP VP X Y

43. THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION

44. VP
I QUADRANT
II QUADRANT
OBSERVER DIRECTION HP TV HP F V
III QUADRANT
I V QUADRANT VP

45. CONVENTION FOR FIRST ANGLETV HP X Y VP FV

46. FOURTH ANGLE
PROJECTION

47. VP
I QUADRANT
II QUADRANT
OBSERVER DIRECTION HP TV HP F V
III QUADRANT
I V QUADRANT VP

48. CONVENTION FOR FIRST ANGLEX Y VP HP FV TV

49. CONCEPT OF
PROFILE VIEWS

50. PROFILE VIEWS IN FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
Right end view projected on left profile plane.
Left end view projected on right profile plane.

51. PROFILE VIEWS IN THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION
Right end view projected on RIGHT profile plane.
Left end view projected on LEFT profile plane.