1. History 102SY The United States and the Middle East 1900 to the Present

2. George W. Bush, 9/11, and the Iraq War

3. Early 1990s—Bin Laden moved to Sudan and began sponsoring anti-US attacks

4. ... such as the first World Trade Center bombing, February 1993

5. ... and attacks on US forces in Somalia, 1993

6. 1996—Bin Laden returned to Afghanistan, where the Taliban were taking over

7. Dire condition of Afghanistan after withdrawal of Soviet troops and collapse of pro-Soviet govt

10. The Taliban

12. Early 1998—Bin Laden announced formation of “World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders”

13. Early 1998—Monica Lewinsky scandal erupted

14. 1997... an amazing coincidence

15. August 1998—Al-Qa‘ida operatives bombed US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania

16. August 1998—Clinton launched rocket attacks against al-Qa‘ida training camps in Afghanistan and against pharmaceutical factory in Sudan

17. Ted Rall cartoon, 2000—a pre-9/11 view of Osama bin Laden

18. Ahmed Ressam, aka “Millennium Bomber”

21. October 2000—USS Cole was attacked by suicide bombers off coast of Yemen; 17 US sailors died

22. George W. Bush, 9/11, and the Iraq War

23. 23 On foreign policy, Bush administration divided between pragmatists and hawks

24. 24 Secretary of State Colin Powell

25. 25 Vice President Richard Cheney

26. 26 Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld

27. 27 Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz

28. 28 Hawks’ focus on Saddam Hussein 28

29. Summer 2001—indications al-Qa‘ida was preparing to strike within US

30. The August 6, 2001, Presidential Daily Briefing

31. 31 September 11, 2001— al-Qa‘ida-sponsored hijackers flew planes into World Trade Center and Pentagon, killing about 3,000

32. 32

33. 33 After 9/11 Taliban rejected US demand that they turn over bin Laden

34. 34 So Bush sent US forces to attack Taliban and al-Qa‘ida in Afghanistan

35. 35 Special Forces A-Teams

36. 36 Northern Alliance

37. 37 Abdul Rashid Dostum

38. 38 November-December 2001—Taliban were defeated

39. 39 Pro-US government, under Hamid Karzai, took power in Kabul

40. 40 But bin Laden escaped from Tora Bora into Pakistan

41. 41 Guantánamo Bay Detention Facility

42. 42 Guantánamo Bay Detention Facility

43. 43 Alberto Gonzales John Yoo

44. 44 “Extraordinary Rendition”

45. 45 By early 2002 Bush administration was shifting its focus from bin Laden to Saddam Hussein

46. 46 By early 2002 Bush administration was shifting its focus from bin Laden to Saddam Hussein

47. 47 Saddam Hussein and Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

48. 48 CIA rendering of Curveball’s claim 2000-2001—Iraqi defector Rafid Ahmad Alwan (aka “Curveball”) told German intelligence that Saddam Hussein had built mobile biological weapons labs

49. 49 2002—Under torture in Egyptian prison, Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi claimed that Iraq had provided al-Qa‘ida with training in chemical and biological weapons

50. 50 February 2003—Secretary of State Colin Powell repeated both Curveball’s and al-Libi’s claims at United Nations

51. 51 September 2002—Bush called on UN to pass resolution demanding that Iraq disarm itself of weapons of mass destruction

52. 52 CIA Director George Tenet

53. 53 October 2002—Supplied with misleading intelligence, Congress passed Iraq War Resolution CIA “White Paper” on Iraq and WMD

54. 54 November 2002—UN Security Council passed Resolution 1441, calling on Iraq to disarm itself of weapons of mass destruction, warning of “serious consequences” if it failed to do so

55. 55 Late 2002—UN inspectors started operating in Iraq

56. 56 December 2002-January 2003—US deployed more troops to Persian Gulf; France and Germany opposed use of force without subsequent UN resolution German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer

57. 57 Early 2003—UN weapons inspectors found no evidence of WMD programs but asked for more time to continue investigation Chief UN weapons inspector Hans Blix

58. 58 March 2003—US, Britain, and “coalition of the willing” launched Iraq War without second UN resolution

59. 59 April 2003—Saddam Hussein regime fell; but US forces failed to provide adequate security, permitting widespread looting and violence

60. 60

61. 61 Summer 2003—Iraqi Insurgency broke out

62. Abu Ghraib Prison

63. “The Hard Site”

69. 69

70. 70