1. Yiouli Taki INDEX Brief background Independence established in 1960. Form of state: Unitary bicommunal state. Guarantees: Great Britain, Greece and Turkey were given a guarantor status over the island’s independence and constitution. Power given to each guarantor for joint or unilateral action to re-establish the constitutional order if that became challenged. Form of governance: Power sharing between the Greek Cypriot and the Turkish Cypriot community. Demography: see map.

2. Yiouli Taki INDEX Key events since Independence 1960-63 political contest between the two communities in relation to the implementation of the constitution. December 1963 – political conflict transformed into armed conflict Movement of T/Cs into enclaves as a result of a) fear; and b) pressure from their political and (para)military leadership. Human cost during those months: 25,000 T/Cs moved into enclaves where more than 50% of the total T/C population were now concentrated. 191 T/Cs were killed and 173 went missing. (133 G/Cs killed and 41 missing)

3. Yiouli Taki INDEX 1970 Population Map

4. Yiouli Taki INDEX Key events since Independence Simultaneously, ‘withdrawal’ of Turkish Cypriots from state and government institutions. New administrative structures were set up by the T/C leadership administering life within the enclaves. From 1964 – G/Cs remained the sole representatives of state and government. 16 th March 1964 – UN SC resolution 186 implicitly recognised the mono-communal government as the Government of Cyprus.

5. Yiouli Taki INDEX From separation to negotiation 1964-67: economic sanctions applied by the Government of Cyprus against the enclaves. Both sides prevented freedom of movement. 1967: beginning of normalisation. Government invites T/Cs to return to their villages and homes. 1968: negotiations begin for a final solution seeking to establish autonomy for the Turkish Cypriots within the Republic of Cyprus.

6. Yiouli Taki INDEX Partition 15 th July 1974: coup organised by the Greek dictatorship to overthrow the President of the Republic. 20 th July 1974: Turkish invasion. By 16 th August: 34% of the land was occupied, 142,000 G/Cs were made internally displaced persons, more than 1000 G/Cs went missing and atrocities had been committed by both sides. 50,000 T/Cs moved to the north, and the Turkish federal state of Cyprus was proclaimed.

7. Yiouli Taki INDEX Immediate issues of contention for G/Cs Campaigned against the: invasion and occupation of Cyprus – violation of international law. Demanded: the withdrawal of the Turkish army; the immediate return of the internally displaced persons back to their homes; determination of the fate of missing persons.

8. Yiouli Taki INDEX What was formally agreed 1977 High Level Agreement consisted of 4 points agreed in relation to the form of the state that the negotiations process would seek to establish: a non-aligned bicommunal federal state, securing the unity of the country; questions on principles like freedom of movement, freedom of settlement, the right of property….are open for discussion, taking into consideration the fundamental basis of a bicommunal federal system and certain practical difficulties which may arise for the Turkish Cypriot community.

9. Yiouli Taki INDEX What was formally agreed: 1979 High Level Agreement: reaffirmed the 1977 Agreement but went on to add that: there should be respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms of all citizens of the Republic.

10. Yiouli Taki INDEX How the UN sought to solve the Cyprus Problem? 1985 UN proposal – formalised that the solution would be bizonal as well as bicommunal, with a central state and a G/C and a T/C administration. A 1990 SC resolution formalised the terms of political equality. 1992 Ghali Set of ideas – suggested amongst other things that properties would not be reinstated unconditionally.

11. Yiouli Taki INDEX Annan Plan Process The process was primarily prompted by the prospect of Cyprus’ accession to the EU and Turkeys’ determination for a date to be given by the EU for the start of its own accession negotiations. Indirect negotiations (1999-2000) Overcoming the stalemate (2001) – EU states that it can accommodate any solution agreed upon by the parties. Direct talks between the two communities (2002) Plan 1 (11 th November 2002) – most extensive document ever submitted. Proposing a constitution, settlement of property rights, territorial adjustment, security. Importantly it presupposed two separate, simultaneous referenda before it is formally approved. The objective was to get the leaders to sign an agreement of principles that would be binding on the parties by 12 th December – European Council meeting where it would be decided that Cyprus together with 9 other states would be admitted to the EU.

12. Yiouli Taki INDEX Annan Plan Process Following the first reactions registered by each side and hoping that an agreement was possible, the UN submitted a revised version of the Plan (Annan Plan 2) on 10 th December 2002. 12 th December: the parties did not agree. The UN set its eyes on an agreement before 11 th March 2003. Taking into consideration reactions from both sides, a second revised Plan (Annan Plan 3) was submitted on 26 th February 2003. On 11 th March, the G/C side set the conditions under which it would be willing to put the Plan to a referendum. The T/C side declined.

13. Yiouli Taki INDEX Reviving the Annan Plan Process The process was not revived until February 2004. The aim, this time round, was to get the two sides to sign an overall agreement before 1 st May 2004 so that the accession of Cyprus to Europe on 1 st May would be that of a United Cyprus Republic. The parties agreed on a process that would inevitably result in a final document that would be put to two separate simultaneous referenda on 24 th April 2004. Result: 65% T/Cs voted Yes. 76% G/Cs voted No.

14. Yiouli Taki INDEX Why did the G/Cs vote no? Separate between this question and that of ‘under what conditions would G/Cs vote yes’? Whatever may be said about the reasons for which G/Cs voted ‘no’ the fact is that in practice communities compromise. The conclusion that may be drawn from the referendum experience is that: G/Cs felt that the compromises that they were being called to make were a step further than they could live with; and/or the benefits that they would derive from the proposed agreement were not in balance with the costs.

15. Yiouli Taki INDEX What the Turkish Cypriots demanded Separateness of the two communities. Relationship of political equality – hence the Turkish Cypriot community must be protected against political domination. Few G/C should be allowed to settle in the Turkish Cypriot state. Limited reinstatement of property if not a global exchange of properties.

16. Yiouli Taki INDEX What the Greek Cypriots demanded Cyprus must have a single voice internationally – hence a single international personality, sovereignty and citizenship. Violated human rights must be restored. Solution must ensure fundamental rights and liberties. Demilitarisation.

17. Yiouli Taki INDEX How did the Annan Plan seek to address the difference of approach of each side: Starting point of the UN was The framework set by previous UN security council resolutions Realities on the ground International law Demands and fears of each side

18. Yiouli Taki INDEX The UN effort focused around the following: Establishing a federal state with a single international personality and sovereignty but giving maximum autonomy to the two federated states by minimising the powers or extend of power of the federal state. (ES) Acknowledging the right of return but simultaneously limiting the number of Greek Cypriots that could settle in the north at any one time. (PE/B)

19. Yiouli Taki INDEX Allowing people to return or settle but also giving the necessary power to the constituent states to determine who may vote for the representatives of the Turkish Cypriot state at federal elections. (PE/B) Respecting the right to property but allowing for flexibility regarding the manner in which it may be exercised: it can be exercised by way of reinstatement or compensation. However, everyone would be entitled to at least a third of their property.

20. Yiouli Taki INDEX Related Provisions Bi-zonalityPolitical Equality G/Cs an T/Cs Constituent States of equal status Procedure through which the Foundation Agreement will be adopted (incl. the adoption of the constitution). Confirmed Procedure for revising the constitution. Secured Determining and guaranteeing the territorial borders of each constituent state. Secured Allocating identical powers to the constituent states. Secured Representation and participation in the decision making processes. Secured Restrictions concerning the freedom to settle. Protected Internal citizenship and the exercise of political rights. Protected