1. AP World History Chapter 10 The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties

2. Tang Dynasty 618-907 C.E.

3. Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.) Established by Chinese general Taizong Considered one of the greatest dynasties of China Strengthened central government; influenced by scholar-gentry Restored the civil service; civil service exam strengthened Population in south (rice) surpassed north (wheat & millet) Created a more stable economy; paper money & flying money introduced Broke up power of large land owners - urban areas increased in size

4. Extensive networks of transportation Adopted the equal-field system Bureaucracy of merit Recruited government officials through civil service examinations Career bureaucrats relied on central government, loyal to the dynasty Restored Confucianism as state ideology, training for bureaucrats

5. Foreign relations Tributary system became diplomatic policy Tang decline Casual and careless leadership led to dynastic crisis The Uighurs became de facto rulers ( Turkic speaking mercenaries) The equal-field system deteriorated A large scale peasant rebellion led by Huang Chao lasted from 875 to 884 *Regional commanders gained power, beyond control of the emperor The last Tang emperor abdicated his throne in 907

7. Tang Dynasty Extended boarder to Afghanistan. Continued the re-building of the Great Wall. Re-building of the bureaucracy. –Aristocracy weakened –Confucian ideology revised –Scholar-gentry elite reestablished –Bureaucracy –Bureau of Censors

9. Confucianism and Buddhism Confucianism and Buddhism potential rivals Buddhism had been central Mahayana (Great Vechicle) Buddhism popular in era of turmoil Chan (Zen) Buddhism common among elite Early Tang support Buddhism Empress Wu (690-705) Endows monasteries Tried to make Buddhism the state religion 50,000 monasteries by c. 850

10. Appeal of Mahayana Buddhism to common individuals Faith in enlightened beings (postponed nirvana to help others) Absorption of other gods and goddesses of local faith and tradition Translation of sculptures into local languages Accepted religious practices not written (oral traditions) “Cultural diffusion” into belief system

11. The Anti-Buddhist Backlash Confucians in administration Support taxation of Buddhist monasteries Persecution under Emperor Wuzong (841-847) Monasteries destroyed Lands redistributed Confucian emerges the central ideology

12. Tang Decline 755 CE, Revolts Ineffective leaders Frontier boarders raided Corrupt government officials 907 CE, last Tang emperor resigns Review Video

13. Song Dynasty 960-1279 C.E.

14. Video Review Clip What accomplishments of the Song impacted World History?

16. Song Taizu Reigned 960-976 C.E. Founder of the Song dynasty Song weaknesses Song never had military, (diplomatic strength of Sui & Tang Financial problems Enormous bureaucracy high salary devoured surplus Forced to pay large tribute to nomads to avoid war Military problems Civil bureaucrats in charge of military forces Military was largely foot soldiers at war with cavalry nomads External pressures Semi-nomadic Khitan, nomadic Jurchen attacked in north. Constant drain on treasury to pay tribute to nomads The Song moved to the south, ruled south China until 1279 Nomads invaded, overran northern Song lands Song retreated to the South along Yangtze, moved capital After defeat, constantly forced to pay tribute SONG DYNASTY (Politics and Military)

17. Song Dynasty Problems: Uighurs, lost control of Tibet, paid tribute to Jurchen peoples from Manchuria Warfare technology: catapults w/bombs & grenades; flame throwers and rocket launchers Innovations: printing with moveable type, compass, abacus (for taxes) Alliance with Mongols backfired (Mongols defeated Jurchen and overthrew Song dynasty)

18. Song Dynasty Society Civil service exams emphasized Scholar gentry gains higher status over military Neo-Confucianism emerges - respect for family and authority, but Chinese elite withdraw from society; hostility to foreign thought prevents entry of innovations while stressing tradition (stifles critical thinking)

19. Economy/Society Women – status improved under the Tang and early Song (especially upper class), but steadily declined during late Song (Confucianism, Neo- Confucianism marriage alliances, foot-binding) Islam & Christianity spread to China Gentry class emerges (well-to- do people from education and civil service Primary Source

20. While we listen to the source Write down details of the young girl’s experience with foot binding How does the event of foot binding represent the cultural and societal outlook on women? How does foot binding compare with today’s world POV on beauty, women, status, etc?

21. Economy/Society Farming society – aristocrats owned most of the land New technologies: steel, gunpowder, porcelain, mechanical clock, & magnetic compass Guilds (association of merchants) formed Money economy instead of barter Paper money & coal (for fuel) is used Long distance trade (Silk Road) w/ Arabs & Romans

22. Porcelain Technology diffused to other societies, especially to Abbasid Arabia Exported vast quantities to southeast Asia, India, Persia, and Africa Metallurgy Improvement: used coke instead of coal in furnaces to make iron, steel Gunpowder Bamboo "fire lances," a kind of flame thrower, and primitive bombs Gunpowder chemistry diffused throughout Eurasia Printing From block-printing to movable type Books became widespread Naval technology "South-pointing needle" - the magnetic compass Double hulled junks with rudder, water-tight compartments Industry and Technology

23. Merchants in Charge Only period in China where merchants socially superior to aristocrats Merchants attempted to intermarry with aristocrats, become landowners Merchants attempted to have sons admitted as Confucian bureaucrats Merchants tended to espouse Confucianism as way into traditional elites Most large cities had large merchant communities Financial instruments Banking and credit institution “Flying money " were letters of credit Paper money backed by state, treasury A Market Economy

24. Market Economy Con’t A cosmopolitan society –Foreign merchants in large cities of China –Mostly Arab (Muslim), Indian, S.E. Asian –Chinese merchants journeyed t throughout region Economic surge in China –An economic revolution (Made China the wealthiest nation in the world at time)Promoted economic growth in the eastern hemisphere

25. Song Dynasty

26. Song Politics Settling for Partial Restoration Scholar-gentry patronized Given power over military The Revival of Confucian Thought Libraries established Old texts recovered Neo-confucians Stress on personal morality Zhu Xi (next slide) Importance of philosophy in everyday life Hostility to foreign ideas Gender, class, age distinctions reinforced

27. Roots of Decline: Attempts at Reform Khitan independence encourages others Tangut, Tibet Xi Xia Song pay tribute Wang Anshi Confucian scholar, chief minister Reforms Supported agricultural expansion Landlords, scholar-gentry taxed

30. Southern Song Dynasty Jurchens defeat Liao in the North 1115, found Jin kingdom Invade China Southern Song Dynasty New capital at Hangzhou Southern Song Dynasty (1127- 1279)

31. Review of Song Dynasty

32. Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age Canal system Built to accommodate population shift Yangdi's Grand Canal Links North to South Silk routes reopened Greater contact with Buddhist, Islamic regions Sea trade Developed by late Tang, Song Junks Commerce expands Credit Deposit shops Flying money Urban growth Changan –Tang capital –2 million

33. Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age Expanding Agrarian Production and Life in the Country New areas cultivated Canals help transport produce Aristocratic estates Divided among peasants Scholar-gentry replace aristocracy Family and Society in the Tang-Song Era Great continuity Marriage brokers Elite women have broader opportunities –Empresses Wu, Wei Divorce widely available

34. The Neo-Confucian Assertion of Male Dominance Neo-Confucians reduce role of women Confinement Men allowed great freedom Men favored in inheritance, divorce Women not educated Foot binding

35. Glorious Age Conclusion Invention and Artistic Creativity Influence over neighbors Economy stimulated by advances in farming, finance Explosives Used by Song for armaments Compasses, abacus Bi Sheng –Printing with moveable type Scholarly Refinement and Artistic Accomplishment –Scholar-gentry key –Change from Buddhist artists –Secular scenes more common Li Bo (handout) –Poet –Nature a common theme in poetry, art Du Fu (Social injustice and suffering of ordinary people)

36. Chinese influences on other cultures Be aware that cultural exchanges in East Asia took place in isolation from the rest of the world The major influence in this region was China Track the extent of Chinese influence in Korea, Vietnam and Japan The upper class of all 3 regions modeled their societies after the Chinese Japan unlike the other 2 never came under Chinese rule As a result Japan was more selective in adapting Chinese ways to its own culture Vietnam adopted cultural traits from both China and India Korea was rule by China and had the greatest mix of Chinese and local cultural traits

37. Shifting fortunes Korea gained independence in the early Tang period after the collapse of the Sui Vietnam won independence after the fall of the Tang Japan was the least affected by internal Chinese developments Japan was never part of the Chinese empire and was able to reject Chinese influences The growing authority of regional warlords in Japan led to the reduction of Chinese cultural influence The reason for this was ties to a central government and Confucian bureaucracy

38. Compare the degree of sinification in Korea, Japan and Vietnam Korea was the most sinified, although Chinese influence was limited to the aristocratic elite Up to the 20 th century Koreans had to accept Chinese political dominance and pay tribute Korea was heavily influenced by Chinese art, writing, Confucian bureaucracy and commercial practices and goods

39. Sinification Continued Vietnam was in the middle Vietnam was under Chinese rule from Han times to the 10 th century A Confucian bureaucracy was established and was dominated by the aristocracy Chinese agriculture and military organization were followed The effect of Chinese culture separated the Vietnamese from the more indianized people of SE Asia After the 10 th century, Chinese influence declined

40. More Sinification Japan was the least affected Many Chinese influence came early- Confucian ideas and bureaucracy, script, art Buddhism Due to Japanese political independence they were able to select among elements of Chinese culture Chinese influence declined after the Taika reform failures and the rise of the aristocracy An end to centralized bureaucracy and decline in Confucian influence went along with the revival of indigenous culture combining Buddhism and Shintoism

41. CCOT Essay Analyze the cultural and political changes and continuities in the following civilization during the last centuries of the classical era. Chinese, 200BCE – 1200CE

42. Format Essay should be five paragraphs…. Introduction Body Changes paragraph stating why Continuities paragraph stating why Conclusion Include Global Connection

43. Chinese, 200BCE – 1200CE Analyze the cultural and political changes and continuities in the following civilization during the last centuries of the classical era. What Chinese empires are between these years? Changes? Continuities?